THE WORLD FACTBOOK — Reference Edition 2026

Background: A land of vast distances and rich natural resources, Canada became a self-governing dominion in 1867, while retaining ties to the British crown. Canada gained legislative independence from Britain in 1931 and formalized its constitutional independence from the UK when it passed the Canada Act in 1982. Economically and technologically, the nation has developed in parallel with the US, its neighbor to the south across the world's longest international border. Canada faces the political challenges of meeting public demands for quality improvements in health care, education, social services, and economic competitiveness, as well as responding to the particular concerns of predominantly francophone Quebec. Canada also aims to develop its diverse energy resources while maintaining its commitment to the environment.

Location: Northern North America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean on the east, North Pacific Ocean on the west, and the Arctic Ocean on the north, north of the conterminous US
Geographic coordinates: 60 00 N, 95 00 W
Map references: North America
Area: total: 9,984,670 sq km
land: 9,093,507 sq km
water: 891,163 sq km
Area - comparative: slightly larger than the US
Land boundaries: total: 8,892 km
border countries: US 8,891 km (includes 2,475 km with Alaska); Denmark (Greenland) 1.3 km
Coastline: 202,080 km
Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin
Climate: varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north
Terrain: mostly plains with mountains in west, lowlands in southeast
Elevation: highest point: Mount Logan 5,959 m
lowest point: Atlantic/Pacific/Arctic Oceans 0 m
mean elevation: 487 m
Natural resources: bauxite, iron ore, nickel, zinc, copper, gold, lead, uranium, rare earth elements, molybdenum, potash, diamonds, silver, fish, timber, wildlife, coal, petroleum, natural gas, hydropower
Land use: agricultural land: 6.5% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 4.3% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 0% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 2.1% (2023 est.)
forest: 42% (2023 est.)
other: 51.4% (2023 est.)
Irrigated land: 9,045 sq km (2015)
Major lakes (area sq km): fresh water lake(s): Huron* - 35,972 sq km; Great Bear Lake - 31,328 sq km; Superior* - 28,754 sq km; Great Slave Lake - 28,568 sq km; Lake Winnipeg - 24,387 sq km; Erie* - 12,776 sq km; Ontario* - 9,790 sq km; Lake Athabasca - 7,935 sq km; Reindeer Lake - 6,650 sq km; Nettilling Lake - 5,542 sq kmnote - Great Lakes* area shown as Canadian waters
Major rivers (by length in km): Mackenzie - 4,241 km; Yukon river source (shared with the US [m]) - 3,185 km; Saint Lawrence river mouth (shared with US) - 3,058 km; Nelson - 2,570 km; Columbia river source (shared with the US [m]) - 1,953 km; Churchill - 1,600 km; Fraser - 1,368 km; Ottawa - 1,271 km; Athabasca - 1,231 km; North Saskatchewan - 1,220 km; Liard - 1,115 kmnote: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth
Major watersheds (area sq km): Arctic Ocean drainage: Mackenzie (1,706,388 sq km)
Atlantic Ocean drainage: Mississippi* (Gulf of America) (3,202,185 sq km, Canada only 32,000 sq km), Nelson (Hudson Bay) (1,093,141 sq km), Saint Lawrence* (1,049,636 sq km, Canada only 839,200 sq km)
Pacific Ocean drainage: Yukon* (847,620 sq km, Canada only 823,800 sq km), Columbia* (657,501 sq km, Canada only 103,000 sq km)
Major aquifers: Northern Great Plains Aquifer
Population distribution: vast majority of the population lives in a discontinuous band within approximately 300 km (186 mi) of the southern border with the United States; the most populated province is Ontario, followed by Quebec and British Columbia
Natural hazards: continuous permafrost in north is a serious obstacle to development; cyclonic storms form east of the Rocky Mountains, a result of the mixing of air masses from the Arctic, Pacific, and North American interior, and produce most of the country's rain and snow east of the mountains volcanism: the vast majority of volcanoes in Western Canada's Coast Mountains remain dormant
Geography - note: note 1: second-largest country in the world (after Russia) and largest in the Americas; strategic location between Russia and US via north polar route; approximately 90% of the population is concentrated within 160 km (100 mi) of the US border note 2: Canada has more fresh water than any other country, and almost 9% of Canadian territory is water; Canada has at least 2 million and possibly over 3 million lakes, more than all other countries combined

Population: total: 39,187,155 (2025 est.)
male: 19,515,416
female: 19,671,739
Nationality: noun: Canadian(s)
adjective: Canadian
Ethnic groups: Canadian 15.6%, English 14.7%, Scottish 12.1%, French 11%, Irish 12.1%, German 8.1%, Chinese 4.7%, Italian 4.3%, First Nations 1.7%, Indian 3.7%, Ukrainian 3.5%, Metis 1.5% (2021 est.)
Languages: Languages: English (official) 87.1%, French (official) 29.1%, Chinese languages 4.2%, Spanish 3.2%, Punjabi 2.6%, Arabic 2.4%, Tagalog 2.3%, Italian 1.5% (2022 est.)
major-language sample(s): The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. (English)The World Factbook, une source indispensable d'informations de base. (French)
Religions: Christian 53.3%, Muslim 4.9%, Hindu 2.3%, Sikh 2.1%, Buddhist 1%, Jewish 0.9%, Traditional (North American Indigenous) 0.2%, other religions and traditional spirituality 0.6%, none 34.6% (2021 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: 15.5% (male 3,098,478/female 2,929,148)
15-64 years: 63.4% (male 12,382,422/female 12,227,512)
65 years and over: 21% (2024 est.) (male 3,753,829/female 4,403,424)
Dependency ratios: total dependency ratio: 57.7 (2025 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 23.8 (2025 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 33.9 (2025 est.)
potential support ratio: 2.9 (2025 est.)
Median age: total: 42.8 years (2025 est.)
male: 41.4 years
female: 43.8 years
Population growth rate: 0.73% (2025 est.)
Birth rate: 9.12 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Death rate: 7.75 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Net migration rate: 5.91 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Population distribution: vast majority of the population lives in a discontinuous band within approximately 300 km (186 mi) of the southern border with the United States; the most populated province is Ontario, followed by Quebec and British Columbia
Urbanization: urban population: 81.9% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 0.95% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Major urban areas - population: 6.372 million Toronto, 4.308 million Montreal, 2.657 million Vancouver, 1.640 million Calgary, 1.544 million Edmonton, 1.437 million OTTAWA (capital) (2023)
Sex ratio: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.85 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth: 29.4 years (2019 est.)
Maternal mortality ratio: 12 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Infant mortality rate: total: 3.8 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)
male: 4.5 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4 deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 84.2 years (2024 est.)
male: 81.9 years
female: 86.6 years
Total fertility rate: 1.43 children born/woman (2025 est.)
Gross reproduction rate: 0.7 (2025 est.)
Drinking water source: improved: urban: urban: 99.3% of population (2022 est.)
improved: rural: rural: 99.1% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total: total: 99.2% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban: urban: 0.7% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural: rural: 0.9% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 0.8% of population (2022 est.)
Health expenditure: Health expenditure (as % of GDP): 11.2% of GDP (2022)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 19.5% of national budget (2022 est.)
Physician density: 2.82 physicians/1,000 population (2023)
Hospital bed density: 2.6 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)
Sanitation facility access: improved: urban: urban: 98.6% of population (2022 est.)
improved: rural: rural: 98.8% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total: total: 98.6% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban: urban: 1.4% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural: rural: 1.2% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 1.4% of population (2022 est.)
Obesity - adult prevalence rate: 29.4% (2016)
Alcohol consumption per capita: total: 8 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
beer: 3.5 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine: 2 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits: 2.1 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols: 0.4 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Tobacco use: total: 10.1% (2025 est.)
male: 12.3% (2025 est.)
female: 8% (2025 est.)
Currently married women (ages 15-49): 51.6% (2021 est.)
Education expenditure: Education expenditure (% GDP): 4.9% of GDP (2022 est.)
Education expenditure (% national budget): 10.7% national budget (2022 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): total: 16 years (2022 est.)
male: 15 years (2022 est.)
female: 17 years (2022 est.)

Environmental issues: air pollution and acid rain from vehicle emissions, coal-burning, and metal smelting severely affecting lakes and forests; seawater pollution from agriculture, industry, mining, and forestry
International environmental agreements: party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Marine Life Conservation
Climate: varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north
Land use: agricultural land: 6.5% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 4.3% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 0% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 2.1% (2023 est.)
forest: 42% (2023 est.)
other: 51.4% (2023 est.)
Urbanization: urban population: 81.9% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 0.95% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: total emissions: 585.853 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from coal and metallurgical coke: 32.486 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids: 294.196 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from consumed natural gas: 259.171 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Particulate matter emissions: 6.7 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Methane emissions: energy: 2,787.3 kt (2022-2024 est.)
agriculture: 1,049.8 kt (2019-2021 est.)
waste: 816.7 kt (2019-2021 est.)
other: 39.3 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Waste and recycling: municipal solid waste generated annually: 25.103 million tons (2024 est.)
percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 23.1% (2022 est.)
Total water withdrawal: municipal: 4.869 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
industrial: 27.357 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
agricultural: 3.859 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Total renewable water resources: 2.902 trillion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Geoparks: total global geoparks and regional networks: 5
global geoparks and regional networks: Perce; Stonehammer; Tumbler Ridge; Cliffs of Fundy; Discovery (2023)

Country name: conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Canada
etymology: the name is probably derived from the Huron or Iroquois word kanata, meaning village or camp
Government type: federal parliamentary democracy (Parliament of Canada) under a constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm; federal and state authorities and responsibilities regulated in constitution
Capital: name: Ottawa
geographic coordinates: 45 25 N, 75 42 W
time difference: UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins second Sunday in March; ends first Sunday in November
time zone note: Canada has six time zones
etymology: the city lies on the south bank of the Ottawa River, from which it derives its name; the river name comes from the Algonquin word adawe, meaning "to trade"
Administrative divisions: 10 provinces and 3 territories*; Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Northwest Territories*, Nova Scotia, Nunavut*, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Québec, Saskatchewan, Yukon*
Legal system: common law system except in Quebec, where civil law based on the French civil code prevails
Constitution: history: consists of unwritten and written acts, customs, judicial decisions, and traditions dating from 1763; the written part of the constitution consists of the Constitution Act of 29 March 1867, which created a federation of four provinces, and the Constitution Act of 17 April 1982
amendment process: proposed by either house of Parliament or by the provincial legislative assemblies; there are 5 methods for passage though most require approval by both houses of Parliament, approval of at least two thirds of the provincial legislative assemblies and assent and formalization as a proclamation by the governor general in council; the most restrictive method is reserved for amendments affecting fundamental sections of the constitution, such as the office of the monarch or the governor general, and the constitutional amendment procedures, which require unanimous approval by both houses and by all the provincial assemblies, and assent of the governor general in council
International law organization participation: accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Citizenship: citizenship by birth: yes
citizenship by descent only: yes
dual citizenship recognized: yes
residency requirement for naturalization: minimum of 3 of last 5 years resident in Canada
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch: chief of state: King CHARLES III (since 8 September 2022); represented by Governor General Mary SIMON (since 26 July 2021)
head of government: Prime Minister Mark CARNEY (since 14 March 2025)
cabinet: Federal Ministry chosen by the prime minister usually from among members of his/her own party sitting in Parliament
election/appointment process: the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister for a 5-year term; after legislative elections, the governor general usually designates the leader of the majority party or majority coalition in the House of Commons as prime minister
Legislative branch: legislature name: Parliament of Canada - Parlement du Canada
legislative structure: bicameral
Legislative branch - lower chamber: chamber name: House of Commons
number of seats: 343 (all directly elected)
electoral system: plurality/majority
scope of elections: full renewal
term in office: 4 years
most recent election date: 4/28/2025
parties elected and seats per party: Liberal Party (169); Conservative Party (144); Bloc Québécois (BQ) (22); Other (30)
percentage of women in chamber: 30.3%
expected date of next election: October 2029
Legislative branch - upper chamber: chamber name: Senate
number of seats: 105 (all appointed)
percentage of women in chamber: 54.8%
Judicial branch: highest court(s): Supreme Court of Canada (consists of the chief justice and 8 judges)
judge selection and term of office: chief justice and judges appointed by the prime minister in council; all judges appointed for life with mandatory retirement at age 75
subordinate courts: federal level: Federal Court of Appeal; Federal Court; Tax Court; federal administrative tribunals; Courts Martial; provincial/territorial level: provincial superior, appeals, first instance, and specialized courts
Political parties: Bloc QuébécoisConservative Party of Canada or CPCGreen Party of CanadaLiberal Party of CanadaNew Democratic Party
Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Kirsten HILLMAN (since 17 July 2020)
chancery: 501 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20001
telephone: [1] (844) 880-6519
FAX: [1] (202) 682-7738
email address and website: ccs.scc@international.gc.cahttps://www.international.gc.ca/country-pays/us-eu/washington.aspx?lang=eng
consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Detroit, Los Angeles, Miami, Minneapolis, New York, San Francisco, Seattle
trade office(s): Houston, Palo Alto (CA), San Diego; note - there are trade offices in the Consulates General
Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Pete HOEKSTRA (since 29 April 2025)
embassy: 490 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 1G8
mailing address: 5480 Ottawa Place, Washington DC 20521-5480
telephone: [1] (613) 688-5335
FAX: [1] (613) 241-7845
email address and website: OttawaNIV@state.govhttps://ca.usembassy.gov/
consulate(s) general: Calgary, Halifax, Montreal, Quebec City, Toronto, Vancouver
consulate(s): Winnipeg
International organization participation: ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), APEC, Arctic Council, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), Australia Group, BIS, C, CD, CDB, CE (observer), EAPC, EBRD, EITI (implementing country), FAO, FATF, G-7, G-8, G-10, G-20, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NAFTA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS, OECD, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PIF (partner), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNMISS, UNOOSA, UNRWA, UNTSO, UPU, USMCA, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Independence: 1 July 1867 (union of British North American colonies); 11 December 1931 (recognized by UK per Statute of Westminster)
National holiday: Canada Day, 1 July (1867)
Flag: description: two vertical bands of red on each side, with a white square between them; a large 11-pointed red maple leaf is centered in the white squaremeaning: the maple leaf is a national symbol
National symbol(s): maple leaf, beaver
National color(s): red, white
National coat of arms: The current design of the Royal Coat of Arms of Canada was adopted in 1921 and references the four nations that helped found Canada. England is represented with royal lions, a union flag, and a rose, and Scotland with a royal lion, a unicorn, and a thistle. Ireland’s symbols include a harp and a shamrock, and France’s symbols are a royal fleur-de-lis and a royal flag. The maple leaves are the Canadian national symbol. A red circle displays the motto Desiderantes Meliorem Patriam (Desiring a Better Country), and a blue ribbon displays A Mari usque ad Mare (From Sea to Sea).
National anthem(s): title: "God Save the King"
lyrics/music: unknown
history: royal anthem, as a Commonwealth country
National heritage: total World Heritage Sites: 22 (10 cultural, 11 natural, 1 mixed) (2021)
selected World Heritage Site locales: L'Anse aux Meadows (c); Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks (n); Dinosaur Provincial Park (n); Historic District of Old Quebec (c); Old Town Lunenburg (c); Wood Buffalo National Park (n); Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump (c); Gros Morne National Park (n); Pimachiowin Aki (m)

Economic overview: high-income economy and second-largest US trading partner; key timber, oil, and gas industries; trade uncertainties and weak business investments contributing to economic slowdown; high and growing public debt; inflation moderating but remains above target range
Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024: $2.341 trillion (2024 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023: $2.305 trillion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022: $2.271 trillion (2022 est.)
Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2024: 1.5% (2024 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2023: 1.5% (2023 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2022: 4.2% (2022 est.)
Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2024: $56,700 (2024 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2023: $57,500 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2022: $58,300 (2022 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate): $2.241 trillion (2024 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024: 2.4% (2024 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023: 3.9% (2023 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022: 6.8% (2022 est.)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin: agriculture: 1.6% (2021 est.)
industry: 25.3% (2021 est.)
services: 66.4% (2021 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use: household consumption: 54.4% (2023 est.)
government consumption: 20.9% (2023 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 22.9% (2023 est.)
investment in inventories: 1% (2023 est.)
exports of goods and services: 33.3% (2023 est.)
imports of goods and services: -33.3% (2023 est.)
Agricultural products: wheat, rapeseed, maize, milk, barley, soybeans, potatoes, peas, oats, pork (2023)
Industries: transportation equipment, chemicals, processed and unprocessed minerals, food products, wood and paper products, fish products, petroleum, natural gas
Industrial production growth rate: 0% (2024 est.)
Labor force: 22.868 million (2024 est.)
Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2024: 6.5% (2024 est.)
Unemployment rate 2023: 5.5% (2023 est.)
Unemployment rate 2022: 5.3% (2022 est.)
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24): total: 13% (2024 est.)
male: 13.8% (2024 est.)
female: 12.1% (2024 est.)
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2020: 29.9 (2020 est.)
Average household expenditures: on food: 9.7% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
on alcohol and tobacco: 3.5% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 3.5% (2020 est.)
highest 10%: 23.4% (2020 est.)
Remittances: Remittances 2024: 0% of GDP (2024 est.)
Remittances 2023: 0% of GDP (2023 est.)
Remittances 2022: 0% of GDP (2022 est.)
Budget: revenues: $428.312 billion (2023 est.)
expenditures: $417.421 billion (2023 est.)
Public debt: Public debt 2023: 61.3% of GDP (2023 est.)
Taxes and other revenues: 13.8% (of GDP) (2023 est.)
Current account balance: Current account balance 2024: -$10.349 billion (2024 est.)
Current account balance 2023: -$13.764 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2022: -$6.318 billion (2022 est.)
Exports: Exports 2024: $727.831 billion (2024 est.)
Exports 2023: $724.754 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2022: $743.782 billion (2022 est.)
Exports - partners: USA 71%, China 5%, UK 3%, Japan 2%, Mexico 2% (2023)
Exports - commodities: crude petroleum, cars, gold, natural gas, refined petroleum (2023)
Imports: Imports 2024: $733.778 billion (2024 est.)
Imports 2023: $723.399 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2022: $731.058 billion (2022 est.)
Imports - partners: USA 51%, China 11%, Mexico 6%, Germany 3%, Japan 3% (2023)
Imports - commodities: cars, trucks, vehicle parts/accessories, refined petroleum, crude petroleum (2023)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024: $119.778 billion (2024 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023: $117.551 billion (2023 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022: $106.952 billion (2022 est.)
Exchange rates: Currency: Canadian dollars (CAD) per US dollar -
Exchange rates 2024: 1.369 (2024 est.)
Exchange rates 2023: 1.35 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates 2022: 1.302 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates 2021: 1.254 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates 2020: 1.341 (2020 est.)

Electricity access: electrification - total population: 100% (2022 est.)
Electricity: installed generating capacity: 161.988 million kW (2023 est.)
consumption: 555.683 billion kWh (2023 est.)
exports: 49.444 billion kWh (2023 est.)
imports: 21.77 billion kWh (2023 est.)
transmission/distribution losses: 31.784 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources: fossil fuels: 18.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
nuclear: 13.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
solar: 1.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
wind: 6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
hydroelectricity: 58.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
biomass and waste: 1.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Nuclear energy: Number of operational nuclear reactors: 17 (2025)
Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors: 12.71GW (2025 est.)
Percent of total electricity production: 13.7% (2023 est.)
Number of nuclear reactors permanently shut down: 8 (2025)
Coal: production: 50.687 million metric tons (2023 est.)
consumption: 20.092 million metric tons (2023 est.)
exports: 35.447 million metric tons (2023 est.)
imports: 7.03 million metric tons (2023 est.)
proven reserves: 6.582 billion metric tons (2023 est.)
Petroleum: total petroleum production: 5.688 million bbl/day (2023 est.)
refined petroleum consumption: 2.377 million bbl/day (2024 est.)
crude oil estimated reserves: 170.3 billion barrels (2021 est.)
Natural gas: production: 194.105 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
consumption: 131.887 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
exports: 82.537 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
imports: 29.058 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
proven reserves: 2.067 trillion cubic meters (2021 est.)
Energy consumption per capita: Total energy consumption per capita 2023: 311.599 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Telephones - fixed lines: total subscriptions: 11 million (2024 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 28 (2024 est.)
Telephones - mobile cellular: total subscriptions: 37.4 million (2024 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 94 (2024 est.)
Broadcast media: 2 public TV broadcasting networks, 1 in English and 1 in French, each with a large number of network affiliates; several private commercial networks, also with multiple network affiliates; a total of about 150 TV stations, accessible via multi-channel satellite and cable systems; mix of public and commercial radio, with over 1,000 licensed stations; public broadcaster Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) provides 4 radio networks, Radio Canada International, and radio services to ethnic populations in the north (2016)
Internet country code: .ca
Internet users: percent of population: 94% (2023 est.)
Broadband - fixed subscriptions: total: 17 million (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 43 (2023 est.)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: C
Airports: 1,459 (2025)
Heliports: 506 (2025)
Railways: total: 49,422 km (2021) note: 129 km electrified (2021)
standard gauge: 49,422 km (2021) 1.435-m gauge
Merchant marine: total: 716 (2023)
by type: bulk carrier 22, container ship 1, general cargo 78, oil tanker 15, other 600
Ports: total ports: 284 (2024)
large: 4
medium: 14
small: 58
very small: 149
size unknown: 59
ports with oil terminals: 59
key ports: Argentia, Canaport (St. John), Halifax, Hamilton, Montreal, New Westminster, Pond Inlet, Prince Rupert, Quebec, Sept Iles, St. John, Sydney, Thunder Bay, Toronto, Trois Rivieres, Vancouver, Victoria Harbor, Windsor

Military and security forces: Canadian Forces: Canadian Army, Royal Canadian Navy, Royal Canadian Air Force (2025)
Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2025: 2% of GDP (2025 est.)
Military Expenditures 2024: 1.5% of GDP (2024 est.)
Military Expenditures 2023: 1.3% of GDP (2023 est.)
Military Expenditures 2022: 1.2% of GDP (2022 est.)
Military Expenditures 2021: 1.3% of GDP (2021 est.)
Military and security service personnel strengths: approximately 75,000 active-duty military personnel (2025)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions: the CAF's inventory is a mix of domestically produced and imported weapons systems from Australia, Europe, Israel, the UK, and the US; in recent years, the leading supplier has been the US; Canada's defense industry develops, maintains, and produces a range of equipment, including aircraft, combat vehicles, naval vessels, and associated components; it also collaborates with the defense industries of allied countries such as the UK (2025)
Military service age and obligation: 17 years of age for men and women for voluntary military service (with parental consent); 16 years of age for Reserve and Military College applicants; Canadian citizenship or permanent residence status required; service obligation 3-9 years depending on the position (2025)
Military deployments: approximately 2,000 Latvia (NATO); the CAF also has air and naval assets supporting NATO missions (2025)
Military - note: the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) are responsible for external security; the CAF’s core missions include detecting, deterring, and defending against threats to or attacks on Canada; the military also provides assistance to civil authorities and law enforcement as needed for such missions as counterterrorism, search and rescue, and responding to natural disasters or other major emergencies; it regularly participates in bilateral and multinational training exercises with a variety of partners, including NATO (Canada is one of the original members) and the US; the CAF also contributes to international peacekeeping, stability, humanitarian, combat, and capacity building operations, principally through NATO, but also with the UN and other security partnersCanada is part of the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD; established 1958); NORAD is a Canada/US bi-national military command responsible for monitoring and defending North American airspace; traditionally, a CAF officer has served as the deputy commander of NORAD; Canada’s defense relationship with the US extends back to the Ogdensburg Declaration of 1940, when the two countries formally agreed on military cooperation, including the establishment of the Permanent Joint Board on Defense (PJBD), which continues to be the highest-level bilateral defense forum between Canada and the USBritish troops withdrew from Canada in 1871 as part of the US-UK Treaty of Washington; following the withdrawal, the first Canadian militia, known as the Royal Canadian Regiment, was organized in 1883 to protect Canadian territory and defend British interests abroad, which it did in the South African War (1899-1902), Canada’s first overseas conflict; militia units formed the backbone of the more than 425,000 Canadian soldiers that went to Europe during World War I in what was called the Canadian Expeditionary Force; the Royal Canadian Navy was created in 1910, while the Canadian Air Force was established in 1920 and became the Royal Canadian Air Force in 1924; the Canadian Army was officially founded in 1942; a unified Canadian Armed Forces was created in 1968 (2025)

Space agency/agencies: Canadian Space Agency (CSA; established 1989) (2025)
Space launch site(s): developing commercial space port sites in Nova Scotia and Newfoundland (2025)
Space program overview: has a national space strategy and a long history of developing space-related technologies; designs, builds, operates, and tracks communications, remote sensing (RS), multi-mission, and scientific/testing satellites; has an astronaut program; involved in the development and production of advanced communications systems, lunar rovers, planetary probes, robotics, sensors, and space telescopes; participates in international space programs, including the International Space Station, the Hubble Space Telescope, the Square Kilometer Array radio telescope, and the James Webb Space Telescope; Cooperating State of the ESA since 1979 and participates in a variety of ESA programs, such as the Copernicus Earth observation project; works with numerous foreign space agencies and commercial entities, including those of Argentina, Brazil, individual ESA and EU member states, Japan, India, and particularly the US; has an active commercial space sector (2025)
Key space-program milestones: 1959-1962 - launched first domestically built sounding rocket (Black Brant 1); first domestically designed and built satellite (Alouette) launched by US1972-1973 - first domestic communications satellites (Anik A-1 and Anik A-2) launched by US, making Canada first country to employ satellites for domestic communications1970s - began participating in US Space Shuttle (first Canadian in space on Shuttle in 1984) and US Mars probe/exploration programs1995 - first Canadian-built, radar-capable remote sensing satellite (Radarsat-1) launched by US2019 - began participating in US/NASA Lunar Gateway orbital station program; launched constellation of remote sensing satellites (RADARSAT Constellation Mission)2020 - signed the US-led Artemis Accords for space exploration (active participant in planned Moon missions under the Artemis program)

Terrorist group(s): Hizballah; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)

Refugees and internally displaced persons: refugees: 561,551 (2024 est.)
IDPs: 1,981 (2024 est.)
stateless persons: 8,166 (2024 est.)
Illicit drugs: USG identification: major precursor-chemical producer (2025)

Canada