THE WORLD FACTBOOK — Reference Edition 2026

Background: The regularity and richness of the annual Nile River flood, coupled with semi-isolation provided by deserts to the east and west, allowed for the development of one of the world's great civilizations in Egypt. A unified kingdom arose circa 3200 B.C., and a series of dynasties ruled in Egypt for the next three millennia. The last native dynasty fell to the Persians in 341 B.C., who in turn were replaced by the Greeks, Romans, and Byzantines. Arab conquerors introduced Islam and the Arabic language in the 7th century and ruled for the next six centuries. The Mamluks, a local military caste, took control around 1250 and continued to govern after the Ottoman Turks conquered Egypt in 1517.Completion of the Suez Canal in 1869 elevated Egypt as an important world transportation hub. Ostensibly to protect its investments, Britain seized control of Egypt's government in 1882, but the country's nominal allegiance to the Ottoman Empire continued until 1914. Egypt gained partial independence from the UK in 1922 and full sovereignty in 1952. British forces evacuated the Suez Canal Zone in 1956. The completion of the Aswan High Dam in 1971 and the resultant Lake Nasser have reaffirmed the time-honored place of the Nile River in the agriculture and ecology of Egypt. A rapidly growing population (the largest in the Arab world), limited arable land, and dependence on the Nile all continue to overtax resources and stress society. The government has struggled to meet the demands of Egypt's fast-growing population as it implements large-scale infrastructure projects, energy cooperation, and foreign direct investment appeals. Inspired by the 2010 Tunisian revolution, Egyptian opposition groups led demonstrations and labor strikes countrywide, culminating in President Hosni MUBARAK's ouster in 2011. Egypt's military assumed national leadership until a new legislature was in place in early 2012; later that same year, Muslim Brotherhood candidate Mohamed MORSI won the presidential election. Following protests throughout the spring of 2013 against MORSI's government and the Muslim Brotherhood, the Egyptian Armed Forces intervened and removed MORSI from power in July 2013 and replaced him with interim president Adly MANSOUR. Simultaneously, the government began enacting laws to limit freedoms of assembly and expression. In 2014, voters approved a new constitution by referendum and then elected former defense minister Abdel Fattah EL-SISI president. EL-SISI was reelected to a second four-year term in 2018 and a third term in December 2023.

Location: Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Libya and the Gaza Strip, and the Red Sea north of Sudan, and includes the Asian Sinai Peninsula
Geographic coordinates: 27 00 N, 30 00 E
Map references: Africa
Area: total: 1,001,450 sq km
land: 995,450 sq km
water: 6,000 sq km
Area - comparative: more than eight times the size of Ohio; slightly more than three times the size of New Mexico
Land boundaries: total: 2,612 km
border countries: Gaza Strip 13 km; Israel 208 km; Libya 1,115 km; Sudan 1,276 km
Coastline: 2,450 km
Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm or the equidistant median line with Cyprus
continental shelf: 200 nm
Climate: desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters
Terrain: vast desert plateau interrupted by Nile valley and delta
Elevation: highest point: Mount Catherine 2,629 m
lowest point: Qattara Depression -133 m
mean elevation: 321 m
Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, manganese, limestone, gypsum, talc, asbestos, lead, rare earth elements, zinc
Land use: agricultural land: 4.1% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 3.1% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 1% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 0% (2022 est.)
forest: 0% (2023 est.)
other: 95.9% (2023 est.)
Irrigated land: 36,500 sq km (2012)
Major lakes (area sq km): salt water lake(s): Lake Manzala - 1,360 sq kmnote - largest of Nile Delta lakes
Major rivers (by length in km): An Nīl (Nile) river mouth (shared with Rwanda [s], Tanzania, Uganda, South Sudan, and Sudan) - 6,650 kmnote: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth
Major watersheds (area sq km): Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Mediterranean Sea) Nile (3,254,853 sq km)
Major aquifers: Nubian Aquifer System
Population distribution: approximately 95% of the population lives within 20 km (12 mi) of the Nile River and its delta; vast areas of the country remain sparsely populated or uninhabited, as shown in this population distribution map
Natural hazards: periodic droughts; frequent earthquakes; flash floods; landslides; hot, driving windstorms called khamsin occur in spring; dust storms; sandstorms
Geography - note: controls Sinai Peninsula, the only land bridge between Africa and remainder of Eastern Hemisphere; controls Suez Canal, a sea link between Indian Ocean and Mediterranean Sea

Population: total: 112,870,457 (2025 est.)
male: 57,960,635
female: 54,909,822
Nationality: noun: Egyptian(s)
adjective: Egyptian
Ethnic groups: Egyptian 99.7%, other 0.3% (2006 est.)
Languages: Languages: Arabic (official); English and French widely understood by educated classes
major-language sample(s): كتاب حقائق العالم، أفضل مصدر للمعلومات الأساسية (Arabic)The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Religions: Muslim (predominantly Sunni) 90%, Christian (majority Coptic Orthodox, other Christians include Armenian Apostolic, Catholic, Maronite, Orthodox, and Anglican) 10%
Age structure: 0-14 years: 33.8% (male 19,349,395/female 18,243,571)
15-64 years: 60.6% (male 34,646,369/female 32,792,151)
65 years and over: 5.6% (2024 est.) (male 3,146,720/female 3,069,042)
Dependency ratios: total dependency ratio: 63.7 (2025 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 54.2 (2025 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 9.5 (2025 est.)
potential support ratio: 10.5 (2025 est.)
Median age: total: 24.6 years (2025 est.)
male: 24.3 years
female: 24.4 years
Population growth rate: 1.4% (2025 est.)
Birth rate: 18.63 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Death rate: 4.33 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Net migration rate: -0.27 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Population distribution: approximately 95% of the population lives within 20 km (12 mi) of the Nile River and its delta; vast areas of the country remain sparsely populated or uninhabited, as shown in this population distribution map
Urbanization: urban population: 43.1% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 1.9% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Major urban areas - population: 22.183 million CAIRO (capital), 5.588 million Alexandria, 778,000 Bur Sa'id (2023)
Sex ratio: at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.03 male(s)/female
total population: 1.06 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth: 22.6 years (2014 est.)
Maternal mortality ratio: 17 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Infant mortality rate: total: 16.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)
male: 17.8 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 15.9 deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 75 years (2024 est.)
male: 73.8 years
female: 76.2 years
Total fertility rate: 2.53 children born/woman (2025 est.)
Gross reproduction rate: 1.23 (2025 est.)
Drinking water source: improved: urban: urban: 99.3% of population (2022 est.)
improved: rural: rural: 98.4% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total: total: 98.8% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban: urban: 0.7% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural: rural: 1.6% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 1.2% of population (2022 est.)
Health expenditure: Health expenditure (as % of GDP): 4.6% of GDP (2021)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 7.2% of national budget (2022 est.)
Physician density: 0.67 physicians/1,000 population (2020)
Hospital bed density: 1.1 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)
Sanitation facility access: improved: urban: urban: 99.9% of population (2022 est.)
improved: rural: rural: 98.5% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total: total: 99.1% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban: urban: 0.1% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural: rural: 1.5% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 0.9% of population (2022 est.)
Obesity - adult prevalence rate: 32% (2016)
Alcohol consumption per capita: total: 0.14 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
beer: 0.09 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine: 0.01 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits: 0.04 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Tobacco use: total: 25.8% (2025 est.)
male: 51% (2025 est.)
female: 0.3% (2025 est.)
Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 3.7% (2021 est.)
Currently married women (ages 15-49): 65.6% (2021 est.)
Child marriage: women married by age 15: 1.8% (2021)
women married by age 18: 15.8% (2021)
Education expenditure: Education expenditure (% GDP): 3.9% of GDP (2015 est.)
Education expenditure (% national budget): 12% national budget (2015 est.)
Literacy: total population: 79.5% (2022 est.)
male: 85.3% (2022 est.)
female: 73.3% (2022 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): total: 13 years (2023 est.)
male: 13 years (2023 est.)
female: 13 years (2023 est.)

Environmental issues: rapid growth in population straining natural resources; increasing soil salination below Aswan High Dam; desertification; oil pollution in coastal ecosystems; water pollution from agricultural pesticides, raw sewage, and industrial effluents; limited natural freshwater resources away from the Nile
International environmental agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban
Climate: desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters
Land use: agricultural land: 4.1% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 3.1% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 1% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 0% (2022 est.)
forest: 0% (2023 est.)
other: 95.9% (2023 est.)
Urbanization: urban population: 43.1% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 1.9% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: total emissions: 236.618 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from coal and metallurgical coke: 6.966 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids: 114.507 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from consumed natural gas: 115.144 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Particulate matter emissions: 66.4 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Methane emissions: energy: 690.8 kt (2022-2024 est.)
agriculture: 548.9 kt (2019-2021 est.)
waste: 874 kt (2019-2021 est.)
other: 9.2 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Waste and recycling: municipal solid waste generated annually: 21 million tons (2024 est.)
percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 26.6% (2022 est.)
Total water withdrawal: municipal: 10.75 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
industrial: 5.4 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
agricultural: 61.35 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Total renewable water resources: 57.5 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

Country name: conventional long form: Arab Republic of Egypt
conventional short form: Egypt
local long form: Jumhuriyat Misr al-Arabiyah
local short form: Misr
former: United Arab Republic (short-lived unification with Syria)
etymology: the English name Egypt derives from the ancient Greek name for the country, "Aguptos," and the ancient Roman name, "Aegyptus," with the Greek form coming from the words aia gupos, or "land of the vulture;" the Arabic name for the country, Misr, can be traced to the Assyrian word misir, meaning "fort"
Government type: presidential republic
Capital: name: Cairo
geographic coordinates: 30 03 N, 31 15 E
time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Friday in April; ends last Friday in October
etymology: the ancient Egyptian name of the original city was Khere-ohe or Kheri-aha; the modern city's name may also derive from the Arabic al-qahir, meaning "the victorious;" this is an Arabic name for the planet Mars, which was in the ascendant on the day in 969 A.D. when construction on the new part of the city began
Administrative divisions: 27 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazat); Ad Daqahliyah, Al Bahr al Ahmar (Red Sea), Al Buhayrah, Al Fayyum, Al Gharbiyah, Al Iskandariyah (Alexandria), Al Isma'iliyah (Ismailia), Al Jizah (Giza), Al Minufiyah, Al Minya, Al Qahirah (Cairo), Al Qalyubiyah, Al Uqsur (Luxor), Al Wadi al Jadid (New Valley), As Suways (Suez), Ash Sharqiyah, Aswan, Asyut, Bani Suwayf, Bur Sa'id (Port Said), Dumyat (Damietta), Janub Sina' (South Sinai), Kafr ash Shaykh, Matruh, Qina, Shamal Sina' (North Sinai), Suhaj
Legal system: mixed system based on Napoleonic civil and penal law, Islamic religious law, and vestiges of colonial-era laws; Supreme Constitutional Court reviews laws
Constitution: history: several previous; latest approved by a constitutional committee in December 2013, approved by referendum held on 14-15 January 2014, ratified by interim president on 19 January 2014
amendment process: proposed by the president of the republic or by one fifth of the House of Representatives members; a decision to accept the proposal requires majority vote by House members; passage of amendment requires a two-thirds majority vote by House members and passage by majority vote in a referendum; articles of reelection of the president and principles of freedom are not amendable unless the amendment "brings more guarantees"
International law organization participation: accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; non-party state to the ICCt
Citizenship: citizenship by birth: no
citizenship by descent only: if the father was born in Egypt
dual citizenship recognized: only with prior permission from the government
residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal and compulsory
Executive branch: chief of state: President Abdel Fattah EL-SISI (since 8 June 2014)
head of government: Prime Minister Mostafa MADBOULY (since 7 June 2018)
cabinet: Cabinet ministers nominated by the executive branch and approved by the House of Representatives
election/appointment process: president elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 6-year term (eligible for 3 consecutive terms); prime minister appointed by the president, approved by the House of Representatives
most recent election date: 10-12 December 2023
election results: 2023: Abdel Fattah EL-SISI reelected president in first round; percent of valid votes cast - Abdel Fattah EL-SISI (independent) 89.6%, Hazam OMAR (Republican People’s Party) 4.5%, Farid ZAHRAN (Egyptian Social Democratic Party 4%, Abdel-Samad YAMAMA 1.9%2018: Abdelfattah ELSISI reelected president in first round; percent of valid votes cast - Abdelfattah ELSISI (independent) 97.1%, Moussa Mostafa MOUSSA (El Ghad Party) 2.9%; note - more than 7% of ballots cast were deemed invalid
expected date of next election: 2029
Legislative branch: legislative structure: bicameral
Legislative branch - lower chamber: chamber name: House of Representatives (Majlis Al-Nuwab)
number of seats: 596 (568 directly elected; 28 appointed)
electoral system: mixed system
scope of elections: full renewal
term in office: 5 years
most recent election date: 10/24/2020 to 12/8/2020
parties elected and seats per party: Future of the Nation (Mostakbal Watan) (317); Republican People's party (El Shaab el Gomhory) (49); Independents (117); Other (109)
percentage of women in chamber: 27.7%
expected date of next election: November 2025
Legislative branch - upper chamber: chamber name: Senate (Majlis Al-Shiyoukh)
number of seats: 300 (200 directly elected; 100 appointed)
electoral system: mixed system
scope of elections: full renewal
term in office: 5 years
most recent election date: 8/4/2025 to 8/28/2025
parties elected and seats per party: Future of the Nation (Mostakbal Watan) (148); Republican People's party (17); Independents (88); Other (47)
percentage of women in chamber: 10.7%
expected date of next election: July 2030
Judicial branch: highest court(s): Supreme Constitutional Court (SCC) (consists of the court president and 10 justices); the SCC serves as the final court of arbitration on the constitutionality of laws and conflicts between lower courts regarding jurisdiction and rulings; Court of Cassation (CC) (consists of the court president and 550 judges organized in circuits with cases heard by panels of 5 judges); the CC is the highest appeals body for civil and criminal cases, also known as "ordinary justices"; Supreme Administrative Court (SAC) (consists of the court president and NA judges and organized in circuits with cases heard by panels of 5 judges); the SAC is the highest court of the State Council
judge selection and term of office: under the 2014 constitution, all judges and justices selected and appointed by the Supreme Judiciary Council and approved as a formality by the president of the Republic; judges appointed for life; under the 2019 amendments, the president has the power to appoint heads of judiciary authorities and courts, the prosecutor general, and the head of the Supreme Constitutional Court
subordinate courts: Courts of Appeal; Courts of First Instance; courts of limited jurisdiction; Family Court (established in 2004)
Political parties: Al-NourArab Democratic Nasserist PartyCongress PartyConservative PartyDemocratic Peace PartyEgyptian National Movement PartyEgyptian Social Democratic PartyEl Ghad PartyEl Serh El Masry el HorEradet Geel PartyFree Egyptians PartyFreedom PartyJustice PartyHomeland’s Protector PartyModern Egypt PartyMy Homeland Egypt PartyNation's Future Party (Mostaqbal Watan)National Progressive Unionist (Tagammu) PartyReform and Development PartyRepublican People’s PartyRevolutionary Guards PartyWafd Party
Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Motaz Mounir ZAHRAN (since 17 September 2020)
chancery: 3521 International Court NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 895-5400
FAX: (202) 244-4319
email address and website: embassy@egyptembassy.nethttps://www.egyptembassy.net/
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York
Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Herro MUSTAFA GARG (since 15 November 2023)
embassy: 5 Tawfik Diab St., Garden City, Cairo
mailing address: 7700 Cairo Place, Washington DC 20512-7700
telephone: [20-2] 2797-3300
FAX: [20-2] 2797-3200
email address and website: ConsularCairoACS@state.govhttps://eg.usembassy.gov/
consulate(s) general: Alexandria
International organization participation: ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AU, BRICS, BSEC (observer), CAEU, CD, CICA, COMESA, D-8, EBRD, FAO, G-15, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAS, LCBC (observer), MIGA, MINURSO, MONUSCO, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OIC, OIF, OSCE (partner), PCA, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNOOSA, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Independence: 28 February 1922 (from UK protectorate status; the military-led revolution that began on 23 July 1952 led to a republic being declared on 18 June 1953 and all British troops withdrawn on 18 June 1956)
National holiday: Revolution Day, 23 July (1952)
Flag: description: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black; centered in the white band is the national emblem, a gold Eagle of Saladin; it faces the left side, with a shield on its chest, above a scroll with the country's name in Arabicmeaning: the band colors derive from the Arab Liberation flag and represent oppression (black) overcome through bloody struggle (red), to be replaced by a bright future (white)
National symbol(s): golden eagle, white lotus
National color(s): red, white, black
National coat of arms: adopted in 1984, the coat of arms features the national symbol, the Eagle of Saladin; the eagle holds a golden scroll with the name of the country, “Gumhuriyet Miṣr al-ʿArabiyyah” (Arab Republic of Egypt), in Arabic script; the shield on the eagle’s chest shows the national colors of red, white, and black
National anthem(s): title: "Bilady, Bilady, Bilady" (My Homeland, My Homeland, My Homeland)
lyrics/music: Younis-al QADI/Sayed DARWISH
history: adopted 1979; the current anthem was written after the 1979 peace treaty with Israel; the composer is considered the father of modern Egyptian music; of the three verses, only the first verse is sung, preceded and followed by the chorus
National heritage: total World Heritage Sites: 7 (6 cultural, 1 natural)
selected World Heritage Site locales: Memphis and its Necropolis (c); Ancient Thebes with its Necropolis (c); Nubian Monuments (c); Saint Catherine Area (c); Abu Mena (c); Historic Cairo (c); Wadi Al-Hitan (Whale Valley) (n)

Economic overview: Africa’s second-largest economy; 2030 Vision to diversify markets and energy infrastructure; improving fiscal, external, and current accounts; underperforming private sector; poor labor force participation; expanded credit access
Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024: $1.958 trillion (2024 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023: $1.912 trillion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022: $1.842 trillion (2022 est.)
Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2024: 2.4% (2024 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2023: 3.8% (2023 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2022: 6.6% (2022 est.)
Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2024: $16,800 (2024 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2023: $16,700 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2022: $16,400 (2022 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate): $389.06 billion (2024 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024: 28.3% (2024 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023: 33.9% (2023 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022: 13.9% (2022 est.)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin: agriculture: 13.7% (2024 est.)
industry: 32.6% (2024 est.)
services: 48.9% (2024 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use: household consumption: 87.6% (2024 est.)
government consumption: 6.3% (2024 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 11.7% (2024 est.)
investment in inventories: 1.3% (2024 est.)
exports of goods and services: 16.4% (2024 est.)
imports of goods and services: -23.2% (2024 est.)
Agricultural products: sugarcane, sugar beets, wheat, maize, potatoes, tomatoes, rice, milk, onions, oranges (2023)
Industries: textiles, food processing, tourism, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, hydrocarbons, construction, cement, metals, light manufactures
Industrial production growth rate: -1.9% (2024 est.)
Labor force: 33.749 million (2024 est.)
Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2024: 7.2% (2024 est.)
Unemployment rate 2023: 7.4% (2023 est.)
Unemployment rate 2022: 7.4% (2022 est.)
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24): total: 18.7% (2024 est.)
male: 12.4% (2024 est.)
female: 47.1% (2024 est.)
Population below poverty line: 29.7% (2019 est.)
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2021: 28.5 (2021 est.)
Average household expenditures: on food: 36.9% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
on alcohol and tobacco: 4.6% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 4.2% (2021 est.)
highest 10%: 24.6% (2021 est.)
Remittances: Remittances 2023: 4.9% of GDP (2023 est.)
Remittances 2022: 5.9% of GDP (2022 est.)
Remittances 2021: 7.4% of GDP (2021 est.)
Budget: revenues: $69.999 billion (2015 est.)
expenditures: $96.057 billion (2015 est.)
Public debt: Public debt 2017: 103% of GDP (2017 est.)
Taxes and other revenues: 12.5% (of GDP) (2015 est.)
Current account balance: Current account balance 2023: -$12.564 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2022: -$10.537 billion (2022 est.)
Current account balance 2021: -$18.611 billion (2021 est.)
Exports: Exports 2023: $68.218 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2022: $76.295 billion (2022 est.)
Exports 2021: $58.339 billion (2021 est.)
Exports - partners: Saudi Arabia 10%, Turkey 9%, Italy 6%, USA 5%, UAE 5% (2023)
Exports - commodities: refined petroleum, natural gas, fertilizers, garments, crude petroleum (2023)
Imports: Imports 2023: $82.265 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2022: $97.144 billion (2022 est.)
Imports 2021: $94.039 billion (2021 est.)
Imports - partners: China 16%, Saudi Arabia 6%, Russia 6%, USA 6%, Germany 5% (2023)
Imports - commodities: refined petroleum, wheat, plastics, natural gas, packaged medicine (2023)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024: $44.921 billion (2024 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023: $33.07 billion (2023 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022: $32.144 billion (2022 est.)
Debt - external: Debt - external 2023: $117.272 billion (2023 est.)
Exchange rates: Currency: Egyptian pounds (EGP) per US dollar -
Exchange rates 2024: 45.299 (2024 est.)
Exchange rates 2023: 30.626 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates 2022: 19.16 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates 2021: 15.645 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates 2020: 15.759 (2020 est.)

Electricity access: electrification - total population: 100% (2022 est.)
Electricity: installed generating capacity: 59.68 million kW (2023 est.)
consumption: 162.026 billion kWh (2023 est.)
exports: 1.785 billion kWh (2023 est.)
imports: 187 million kWh (2023 est.)
transmission/distribution losses: 45.67 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources: fossil fuels: 87.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
solar: 2.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
wind: 2.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
hydroelectricity: 7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
biomass and waste: 0.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Nuclear energy: Number of nuclear reactors under construction: 4 (2025)
Coal: production: 69,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
consumption: 3.262 million metric tons (2023 est.)
exports: 68,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
imports: 3.263 million metric tons (2023 est.)
proven reserves: 182 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Petroleum: total petroleum production: 667,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
refined petroleum consumption: 830,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
crude oil estimated reserves: 3.3 billion barrels (2021 est.)
Natural gas: production: 57.181 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
consumption: 58.695 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
exports: 5.344 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
imports: 9.126 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
proven reserves: 1.784 trillion cubic meters (2021 est.)
Energy consumption per capita: Total energy consumption per capita 2023: 34.975 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Telephones - fixed lines: total subscriptions: 13.3 million (2024 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 11 (2024 est.)
Telephones - mobile cellular: total subscriptions: 113 million (2024 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 97 (2024 est.)
Broadcast media: mix of state-run and private broadcast media; state-run TV operates 2 national and 6 regional terrestrial networks, as well as a few satellite channels; dozens of private satellite channels and a large number of Arabic satellite channels are available for free; some limited satellite services are also available via subscription; state-run radio operates about 30 stations belonging to 8 networks; privately-owned radio includes 8 major stations (2019)
Internet country code: .eg
Internet users: percent of population: 73% (2023 est.)
Broadband - fixed subscriptions: total: 13.6 million (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 12 (2023 est.)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: SU
Airports: 73 (2025)
Heliports: 60 (2025)
Railways: total: 5,085 km (2014)
standard gauge: 5,085 km (2014) 1.435-m gauge (62 km electrified)
Merchant marine: total: 441 (2023)
by type: bulk carrier 14, container ship 6, general cargo 23, oil tanker 42, other 356
Ports: total ports: 31 (2024)
large: 5
medium: 1
small: 8
very small: 16
size unknown: 1
ports with oil terminals: 17
key ports: Ain Sukhna Terminal, Al Iskandariyh (Alexandria), As Suways, Bur Sa'id, Damietta, Ras Shukhier

Military and security forces: Egyptian Armed Forces (EAF): Army (includes Republican Guard), Navy (includes Coast Guard), Air Force, Air Defense Forces, Border Guard ForcesInterior Ministry: Public Security Sector Police, the Central Security Force, National Security Agency (2025)
Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2024: 0.7% of GDP (2024 est.)
Military Expenditures 2023: 1% of GDP (2023 est.)
Military Expenditures 2022: 1.2% of GDP (2022 est.)
Military Expenditures 2021: 1.3% of GDP (2021 est.)
Military Expenditures 2020: 1.3% of GDP (2020 est.)
Military and security service personnel strengths: estimated 450,000 active Armed Forces (2025)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions: the EAF's inventory is comprised of a mix of domestically produced, Soviet-era, and more modern, typically Western, weapons systems; in recent years, the EAF has embarked on an equipment modernization program with purchases from foreign suppliers, including China, France, Germany, Italy, Russia, UAE, the UK, and the US; Egypt's defense industry produces a range of products from small arms to armored vehicles and naval vessels; it also has licensed and co-production agreements with several countries, including Germany and the US (2025)
Military service age and obligation: voluntary enlistment possible from age 16 for men and 17 for women; 18-30 years of age for compulsory service for men; service obligation 14-36 months, followed by a 9-year reserve obligation; active service length depends on education; high school drop-outs serve for the full 36 months, while college graduates serve for lesser periods of time, depending on their education level (2025)
Military deployments: 775 (plus nearly 200 police) Central African Republic (MINUSCA); 1,100 Somalia (AUSSOM); also has about 200 police deployed to the Democratic Republic of the Congo under MONUSCO (2025)
Military - note: the Egyptian Armed Forces (EAF) are responsible for external defense but also have an internal role assisting police and paramilitary security forces during emergencies and in anti-terrorism operations; the EAF also participates in foreign peacekeeping and other security missions, as well as both bilateral and multinational exercises; the military has considerable political power and independence; it has long had a crucial role in Egypt’s politics and has a large stake in the civilian economy, including running banks, businesses, gas stations, shipping lines, and utilities, and producing consumer and industrial goods, importing commodities, and building and managing infrastructure projects, such as bridges, roads, hospitals, and housingkey areas of concern for the EAF include Islamist militant groups operating out of the Sinai Peninsula, regional challenges such as ongoing conflicts and instability, and maritime security; since 2011, the EAF has been conducting operations alongside other security forces in the North Sinai governorate against several militant groups, particularly the Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS); over the past decade, it has deployed additional units along the border with Libya, provided air support to the Saudi-led coalition's intervention in Yemen, and most recently boosted its presence on the border with Gaza in response to the HAMAS-Israel conflict; the Navy in recent years has sought to modernize and expand its capabilities and profile in the Eastern Mediterranean and Red Sea, including the acquisition of helicopter carriers, modern frigates, and attack submarines, as well as the establishment of a joint service military base on the Red Seathe Multinational Force & Observers (MFO) has operated in the Sinai since 1982 as a peacekeeping and monitoring force to supervise the implementation of the security provisions of the 1979 Egyptian-Israeli Treaty of Peace; the MFO is an independent international organization, created by agreement between Egypt and Israel; it has about 1,150 troops from 13 countries; Colombia, Fiji, and the US are the leading providers of troops to the MFO (2025)

Space agency/agencies: Egyptian Space Agency (EgSA; established 2019); National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Science (NARSS; formed in 1994 from the Remote Sensing Center, which was established in 1971) (2025)
Space program overview: has a growing space program and seeks to become a regional space power; operates satellites; builds satellites jointly with foreign partners but developing localized satellite manufacturing and support infrastructure; acquiring other space-related technologies through transfers and domestic development, including in communications, Earth imaging/remote sensing (RS), and satellite payloads and components; works with a variety of foreign governments and commercial space companies, including those of Belarus, Canada, China, the ESA and its member states (particularly France, Germany, Italy), Ghana, India, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Nigeria, Russia, South Africa, Sudan, Uganda, Ukraine, the UAE, and the US; also a member of the Arab Space Coordination Group; has an active commercial space sector (2025)
Key space-program milestones: 1960 - initiated a space program1998 - first communications satellite (NileSat-101) built in Europe and launched on a European rocket (first African country to have its own communications satellite)2007 - first remote sensing (RS) satellite (Egypsat-1) built and launched by Russia2019 - first domestically produced RS cube satellites (NARSSCube-1 and 2) released from International Space Station; signed agreement with China for construction of satellite assembly, integrating, and testing facilities2020 - announced a 10-year national space program, including initiating an astronaut training program and jointly developing with several African countries an RS satellite for monitoring climate changes2022 - inaugurated a “space city” containing a satellite manufacturing facility, a research center, a space academy, and the headquarters of the African Space Agency (AfSA; inaugurated 2025); latest NileSat-series (NileSat-301) communications satellite acquired from Europe and launched by the US2023 - three RS satellites (Horus-1, Horus-2, and MisrSat-2) built jointly with and launched by China; joined the China-led International Lunar Research Station project2024 - experimental RS satellite (Nexsat-1) jointly developed with a European commercial company and launched by China

Terrorist group(s): Army of Islam; Harakat Sawa'd Misr (HASM); Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham – Sinai Province (ISIS-SP); al-Qa’ida

Refugees and internally displaced persons: refugees: 876,962 (2024 est.)
stateless persons: 5 (2024 est.)

Egypt