Eritrea

State of Eritrea

LOCATION

Background: Eritrea won independence from Italian colonial control in 1941, but the UN only established it as an autonomous region within the Ethiopian federation in 1952, after a decade of British administrative control. Ethiopia's full annexation of Eritrea as a province 10 years later sparked a violent 30-year conflict for independence that ended in 1991 with Eritrean fighters defeating government forces. Eritreans overwhelmingly approved independence in a 1993 referendum. ISAIAS Afwerki has been Eritrea's only president since independence; his rule, particularly since 2001, has been characterized by highly autocratic and repressive actions. His government has created a highly militarized society by instituting an unpopular program of mandatory conscription into national service -- divided between military and civilian service -- of indefinite length. A two-and-a-half-year border war with Ethiopia that erupted in 1998 ended under UN auspices in 2000. Ethiopia rejected a subsequent 2007 Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission (EEBC) demarcation. More than a decade of a tense “no peace, no war” stalemate ended in 2018 when the newly elected Ethiopian prime minister accepted the EEBC’s 2007 ruling, and the two countries signed declarations of peace and friendship. Eritrean leaders then engaged in intensive diplomacy around the Horn of Africa, bolstering regional peace, security, and cooperation, as well as brokering rapprochements between governments and opposition groups. In 2018, the UN Security Council lifted an arms embargo that had been imposed on Eritrea since 2009, after the UN Somalia-Eritrea Monitoring Group reported they had not found evidence of Eritrean support in recent years for al-Shabaab. The country’s rapprochement with Ethiopia led to a resumption of economic ties, but the level of air transport, trade, and tourism have remained roughly the same since late 2020. The Eritrean economy remains agriculture-dependent, and the country is still one of Africa’s poorest nations. Eritrea faced new international condemnation and US sanctions in mid-2021 for its participation in the war in Ethiopia’s Tigray Regional State, where Eritrean forces were found to have committed war crimes and crimes against humanity. As most Eritrean troops were departing northern Ethiopia in January 2023, ISAIAS began a series of diplomatic engagements aimed at bolstering Eritrea’s foreign partnerships and regional influence. Despite the country's improved relations with its neighbors, ISAIAS has not let up on repression, and conscription and militarization continue.

Location: Eastern Africa, bordering the Red Sea, between Djibouti and Sudan
Geographic coordinates: 15 00 N, 39 00 E
Map references: Africa
Area: total: 117,600 sq km
land: 101,000 sq km
water: 16,600 sq km
Area - comparative: slightly smaller than Pennsylvania
Land boundaries: total: 1,840 km
border countries: Djibouti 125 km; Ethiopia 1,033 km; Sudan 682 km
Coastline: 2,234 km (mainland on Red Sea 1,151 km; islands in Red Sea 1,083 km)
Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: hot, dry desert strip along Red Sea coast; cooler and wetter in the central highlands (up to 61 cm of rainfall annually, heaviest June to September); semiarid in western hills and lowlands
Terrain: dominated by extension of Ethiopian north-south trending highlands, descending on the east to a coastal desert plain, on the northwest to hilly terrain and on the southwest to flat-to-rolling plains
Elevation: highest point: Soira 3,018 m
lowest point: near Kulul within the Danakil Depression -75 m
mean elevation: 853 m
Natural resources: gold, potash, zinc, copper, salt, possibly oil and natural gas, fish
Land use: agricultural land: 62.7% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 5.7% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 0% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 56.9% (2023 est.)
forest: 12% (2023 est.)
other: 25.3% (2023 est.)
Irrigated land: 210 sq km (2012)
Population distribution: density is highest in the center of the country, in and around the cities of Asmara (capital) and Keren; smaller settlements exist in the north and south, as shown in this population distribution map
Natural hazards: frequent droughts, rare earthquakes and volcanoes; locust swarms volcanism: Dubbi (1,625 m), which last erupted in 1861, was the country's only historically active volcano until Nabro (2,218 m) came to life in 2011
Geography - note: strategic geopolitical position along world's busiest shipping lanes

Population: total: 6,416,435 (2025 est.)
male: 3,158,281
female: 3,258,154
Nationality: noun: Eritrean(s)
adjective: Eritrean
Ethnic groups: Tigrinya 50%, Tigre 30%, Saho 4%, Afar 4%, Kunama 4%, Bilen 3%, Hedareb/Beja 2%, Nara 2%, Rashaida 1% (2021 est.)
Languages: Tigrinya (official), Arabic (official), English (official), Tigre, Kunama, Afar, other Cushitic languages
Religions: Eritrean Orthodox, Roman Catholic, Evangelical Lutheran, Sunni Muslim
Age structure: 0-14 years: 35.7% (male 1,138,382/female 1,123,925)
15-64 years: 60.3% (male 1,882,547/female 1,944,266)
65 years and over: 4% (2024 est.) (male 101,504/female 153,332)
Dependency ratios: total dependency ratio: 64.2 (2025 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 57.6 (2025 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 6.6 (2025 est.)
potential support ratio: 15.1 (2025 est.)
Median age: total: 21.7 years (2025 est.)
male: 20.8 years
female: 21.8 years
Population growth rate: 1.16% (2025 est.)
Birth rate: 25.92 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Death rate: 6.43 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Net migration rate: -7.95 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Population distribution: density is highest in the center of the country, in and around the cities of Asmara (capital) and Keren; smaller settlements exist in the north and south, as shown in this population distribution map
Urbanization: urban population: 43.3% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 3.67% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Major urban areas - population: 1.073 million ASMARA (capital) (2023)
Sex ratio: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.66 male(s)/female
total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth: 21.3 years (2010 est.)
Maternal mortality ratio: 291 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Infant mortality rate: total: 39 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)
male: 46.6 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 32.8 deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 67.5 years (2024 est.)
male: 64.9 years
female: 70.2 years
Total fertility rate: 3.35 children born/woman (2025 est.)
Gross reproduction rate: 1.65 (2025 est.)
Health expenditure: Health expenditure (as % of GDP): 4.2% of GDP (2021)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 2.4% of national budget (2022 est.)
Physician density: 0.09 physicians/1,000 population (2022)
Hospital bed density: 1 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)
Obesity - adult prevalence rate: 5% (2016)
Alcohol consumption per capita: total: 0.93 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
beer: 0.42 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols: 0.51 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Tobacco use: total: 7.5% (2020 est.)
male: 14.7% (2020 est.)
female: 0.2% (2020 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): total: 8 years (2015 est.)
male: 9 years (2015 est.)
female: 7 years (2015 est.)

Environmental issues: deforestation; desertification; soil erosion; overgrazing
International environmental agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Paris Agreement
Climate: hot, dry desert strip along Red Sea coast; cooler and wetter in the central highlands (up to 61 cm of rainfall annually, heaviest June to September); semiarid in western hills and lowlands
Land use: agricultural land: 62.7% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 5.7% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 0% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 56.9% (2023 est.)
forest: 12% (2023 est.)
other: 25.3% (2023 est.)
Urbanization: urban population: 43.3% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 3.67% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: total emissions: 733,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids: 733,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Particulate matter emissions: 22.7 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Methane emissions: energy: 15.7 kt (2022-2024 est.)
agriculture: 117.4 kt (2019-2021 est.)
waste: 20.5 kt (2019-2021 est.)
other: 2.8 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Waste and recycling: municipal solid waste generated annually: 727,000 tons (2024 est.)
percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 6.8% (2022 est.)
Total water withdrawal: municipal: 31 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
industrial: 1 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
agricultural: 550 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
Total renewable water resources: 7.315 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

Country name: conventional long form: State of Eritrea
conventional short form: Eritrea
local long form: Hagere Ertra
local short form: Ertra
former: Eritrea Autonomous Region in Ethiopia
etymology: the country name derives from the ancient Greek name Erythra Thalassa, meaning "Red Sea," the body of water that borders the country
Government type: authoritarian
Capital: name: Asmara
geographic coordinates: 15 20 N, 38 56 E
time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
etymology: the name's origin is unclear; according to Tigrinya oral tradition, the name is part of a phrase meaning "the women made them unite," referring to a group of women who made four clans unite to defeat a common enemy; asmara also means "flowery wood" in the Tigrinya language
Administrative divisions: 6 regions (zobatat, singular - zoba); 'Anseba, Debub (South), Debubawi K'eyyih Bahri (Southern Red Sea), Gash-Barka, Ma'ikel (Central), Semienawi K'eyyih Bahri (Northern Red Sea)
Legal system: mixed system of civil, customary, and Islamic religious law
Constitution: history: ratified by the Constituent Assembly 23 May 1997 (never implemented)
amendment process: proposed by the president of Eritrea or by assent of at least one half of the National Assembly membership; passage requires at least an initial three-quarters majority vote by the Assembly and, after one year, final passage by at least four-fifths majority vote by the Assembly
International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
Citizenship: citizenship by birth: no
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Eritrea
dual citizenship recognized: no
residency requirement for naturalization: 20 years
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch: chief of state: President ISAIAS Afwerki (since 24 May 1993)
head of government: President ISAIAS Afwerki (since 8 June 1993)
cabinet: State Council appointed by the president
election/appointment process: president indirectly elected by the National Assembly for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term), according to the constitution
most recent election date: 24 May 1993, following independence from Ethiopia
election results: 1993: ISAIAS Afwerki elected president by the transitional National Assembly; percent of National Assembly vote - ISAIAS Afwerki (PFDJ) 95%, other 5%
expected date of next election: postponed indefinitely
Legislative branch: legislature name: National Assembly (Hagerawi Baito)
legislative structure: unicameral
number of seats: 150 (all indirectly elected)
scope of elections: full renewal
term in office: 4 years
most recent election date: 2/1/1994
Judicial branch: highest court(s): High Court (consists of 20 judges and organized into civil, commercial, criminal, labor, administrative, and customary sections)
judge selection and term of office: High Court judges appointed by the president
subordinate courts: regional/zonal courts; community courts; special courts; sharia courts (for issues dealing with Muslim marriage, inheritance, and family); military courts
Political parties: People's Front for Democracy and Justice or PFDJ (the only party recognized by the government)
Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d'Affaires Berhane Gebrehiwet SOLOMON (since 15 March 2011)
chancery: 1708 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone: [1] (202) 319-1991
FAX: [1] (202) 319-1304
email address and website: embassyeritrea@embassyeritrea.orghttps://us.embassyeritrea.org/
Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d'Affaires Christine E. MEYER (since July 2025)
embassy: 179 Alaa Street, Asmara
mailing address: 7170 Asmara Place, Washington DC 20521-7170
telephone: [291] (1) 12-00-04
FAX: [291] (1) 12-75-84
email address and website: consularasmara@state.govhttps://er.usembassy.gov/
International organization participation: ACP, AfDB, AU, COMESA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS (observer), IGAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAS (observer), MIGA, NAM, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO
Independence: 24 May 1993 (from Ethiopia)
National holiday: Independence Day, 24 May (1991)
Flag: description: a red isosceles triangle (based on the left side) divides the flag into two right triangles; the upper triangle is green, the lower is blue; a gold wreath around a gold olive branch is on the left side of the red trianglemeaning: green stands for the country's agriculture economy, red for the blood shed in the fight for freedom, and blue for the sea's bounty; the shape of the red triangle mimics the country's shape
National symbol(s): camel
National color(s): green, red, blue
National coat of arms: Eritrea adopted its coat of arms on May 24, 1993, when it won independence from Ethiopia; the camel was used to transport supplies and goods during the war, and it became a symbol of the country’s success; the olive wreath represents peace, reconciliation, and harmony; under the camel is name of the country in its three official languages: Tigrinya, English, and Arabic
National anthem(s): title: "Ertra, Ertra, Ertra" (Eritrea, Eritrea, Eritrea)
lyrics/music: SOLOMON Tsehaye Beraki/Isaac Abraham MEHAREZGI and ARON Tekle Tesfatsion
history: adopted 1993, after gaining independence from Ethiopia
National heritage: total World Heritage Sites: 1 (cultural)
selected World Heritage Site locales: Asmara: A Modernist African City

Economic overview: largely agrarian economy with a significant mining sector; substantial fiscal surplus due to tight controls; high and vulnerable debts; increased Ethiopian trade and shared port usage decreasing prices; financial and economic data integrity challenges
Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024: $2.534 billion (2024 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023: $2.465 billion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022: $2.398 billion (2022 est.)
Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2017: 5% (2017 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2016: 1.9% (2016 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2015: 2.6% (2015 est.)
Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2024: $700 (2024 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2023: $700 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2022: $700 (2022 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate): $2.535 billion (2024 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022: 7.4% (2022 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021: 6.6% (2021 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020: 5.6% (2020 est.)
Agricultural products: sorghum, milk, barley, vegetables, root vegetables, cereals, pulses, wheat, beef, maize (2023)
Industries: food processing, beverages, clothing and textiles, light manufacturing, salt, cement
Labor force: 1.71 million (2024 est.)
Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2024: 5.6% (2024 est.)
Unemployment rate 2023: 5.6% (2023 est.)
Unemployment rate 2022: 5.7% (2022 est.)
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24): total: 9.4% (2024 est.)
male: 8.5% (2024 est.)
female: 10.5% (2024 est.)
Budget: revenues: $633 million (2018 est.)
expenditures: $549 million (2018 est.)
Public debt: Public debt 2016: 132.8% of GDP (2016 est.)
Exports: Exports 2017: $624.3 million (2017 est.)
Exports 2016: $485.4 million (2016 est.)
Exports 2011: $374.898 million (2011 est.)
Exports - partners: China 67%, UAE 26%, Philippines 5%, Italy 1%, Croatia 1% (2023)
Exports - commodities: copper ore, zinc ore, gold, garments, liquor (2023)
Imports: Imports 2010: $494.229 million (2010 est.)
Imports 2009: $435.275 million (2009 est.)
Imports - partners: China 32%, UAE 27%, Turkey 9%, USA 7%, Italy 5% (2023)
Imports - commodities: trucks, sorghum, construction vehicles, wheat flours, other foods (2023)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2019: $191.694 million (2019 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2018: $163.034 million (2018 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2017: $143.412 million (2017 est.)
Debt - external: Debt - external 2023: $461.376 million (2023 est.)
Exchange rates: Currency: nakfa (ERN) per US dollar -
Exchange rates 2024: 15.075 (2024 est.)
Exchange rates 2023: 15.075 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates 2022: 15.075 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates 2021: 15.075 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates 2020: 15.075 (2020 est.)

Electricity access: electrification - total population: 55.4% (2022 est.)
electrification - urban areas: 75.5%
electrification - rural areas: 36%
Electricity: installed generating capacity: 243,000 kW (2023 est.)
consumption: 388.987 million kWh (2023 est.)
transmission/distribution losses: 51.528 million kWh (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources: fossil fuels: 89.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
solar: 10.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
wind: 0.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Petroleum: refined petroleum consumption: 5,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
Energy consumption per capita: Total energy consumption per capita 2023: 2.977 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Telephones - fixed lines: total subscriptions: 68,200 (2022 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 2 (2022 est.)
Telephones - mobile cellular: total subscriptions: 2.02 million (2022 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 59 (2022 est.)
Broadcast media: government controls broadcast media, with private ownership prohibited; 1 state-owned TV station; 2 state-owned radio networks; purchases of satellite dishes and subscriptions to international broadcast media are permitted (2023)
Internet country code: .er
Internet users: percent of population: 20% (2023 est.)
Broadband - fixed subscriptions: total: 6,000 (2022 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: (2022 est.) less than 1

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: E3
Airports: 11 (2025)
Railways: total: 306 km (2018)
narrow gauge: 306 km (2018) 0.950-m gauge
Merchant marine: total: 9 (2023)
by type: general cargo 4, oil tanker 1, other 4
Ports: total ports: 2 (2024)
large: 0
medium: 0
small: 2
very small: 0
ports with oil terminals: 2
key ports: Assab, Mitsiwa Harbor

Military and security forces: Eritrean Defense Forces (EDF): Eritrean Ground Forces, Eritrean Navy, Eritrean Air Force; People's Militia (aka People's Army or Hizbawi Serawit) (2024)
Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2019: 10% of GDP (2019 est.)
Military Expenditures 2018: 10.2% of GDP (2018 est.)
Military Expenditures 2017: 10.3% of GDP (2017 est.)
Military Expenditures 2016: 10.4% of GDP (2016 est.)
Military Expenditures 2015: 10.6% of GDP (2015 est.)
Military and security service personnel strengths: available information varies widely; estimated 150,000-200,000 active Defense Forces (2025)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions: the EDF's inventory is comprised primarily of Soviet-era weapons and equipment (2025)
Military service age and obligation: Eritrea mandates military service for all citizens age 18-40; 18-month conscript service obligation, which reportedly includes 4-6 months of military training and 12 months of military or other national service (military service is most common); in practice, military and national service is often extended indefinitely; citizens up to the age of 59 eligible for recall during mobilization (2025)
Military - note: the military’s primary responsibilities are external defense, border security, and providing the regime a vehicle for national cohesion; the conscript-based Army is the dominant servicesince the country's independence in 1991, the Eritrean military has participated in numerous conflicts, including the Hanish Island Crisis with Yemen (1995), the First Congo War (1996-1997), the Second Sudanese Civil War (1996-1998), the Eritrea-Ethiopia War (1998-2000), the Djiboutian-Eritrean border conflict (2008), and the Tigray conflict in Ethiopia (2020-2022); during the Tigray conflict, the Eritrean Defense Forces were accused of human rights abuses; in recent years, it has provided training support to the military of Somalia (2025)

Refugees and internally displaced persons: refugees: 119 (2024 est.)
Trafficking in persons: tier rating: Tier 3 — Eritrea does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so, therefore Eritrea remained on Tier 3; for more details, go to: https://www.state.gov/reports/2025-trafficking-in-persons-report/eritrea/