Luxembourg

Grand Duchy of Luxembourg

EuropeWestern EuropeLUX

Capital: Luxembourg
Area: 2,586 km²
Currency: Euro (€)
Languages: German, French, Luxembourgish

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Luxembourg

Europe · 2024 est. · 671.3K people

Constrictive (aging)

0–14 years16.7%

15–64 years67.1%

65+ years16.1%

Background: Founded in 963, Luxembourg became a grand duchy in 1815 and a constituent part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands after the Congress of Vienna. When Belgium declared independence from the Netherlands in 1839, Luxembourg lost more than half of its territory to Belgium but gained a larger measure of autonomy within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Luxembourg gained full independence in 1867 by promising to remain permanently neutral. Overrun by Germany in both world wars, its neutrality ended in 1948 when it entered into the Benelux Customs Union and joined NATO the following year. In 1957, Luxembourg became one of the six founding countries of the EEC (later the EU), and in 1999 it joined the euro currency zone.

Location: Western Europe, between France and Germany
Geographic coordinates: 49 45 N, 6 10 E
Map references: Europe
Area: total: 2,586 sq km
land: 2,586 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Area - comparative: slightly smaller than Rhode Island; about half the size of Delaware
Land boundaries: total: 327 km
border countries: Belgium 130 km; France 69 km; Germany 128 km
Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims: none (landlocked)
Climate: modified continental with mild winters, cool summers
Terrain: mostly gently rolling uplands with broad, shallow valleys; uplands to slightly mountainous in the north; steep slope down to Moselle flood plain in the southeast
Elevation: highest point: Buurgplaatz 559 m
lowest point: Moselle River 133 m
mean elevation: 325 m
Natural resources: iron ore (no longer exploited), arable land
Land use: agricultural land: 51.7% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 23.8% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 0.6% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 27.1% (2023 est.)
forest: 34.5% (2023 est.)
other: 13.9% (2023 est.)
Irrigated land: 0 sq km (2012)
Major watersheds (area sq km): Atlantic Ocean drainage: Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km)
Population distribution: most people live in the south, on or near the border with France
Natural hazards: occasional flooding
Geography - note: landlocked

Population: total: 671,254 (2024 est.)
male: 338,702
female: 332,552
Nationality: noun: Luxembourger(s)
adjective: Luxembourg
Ethnic groups: Luxembourger 52.9%, Portuguese 14.5%, French 7.6%, Italian 3.7%, Belgian 3%, German 2%, Spanish 1.3%, Romania 1%, other 14% (2022 est.)
note: data represent population by nationality
Languages: Luxembourgish (official administrative, judicial, and national language) 48.9%, Portuguese 15.4%, French (official administrative, judicial, and legislative language) 14.9%, Italian 3.6%, English 3.6%, German (official administrative and judicial language) 2.9%, other 10.8% (2021 est.)
Religions: Christian (predominantly Roman Catholic) 70.6%, Muslim 2.3%, other (includes Buddhist, folk religions, Hindu, Jewish) 0.4%, unaffiliated 26.7% (2020 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: 16.7% (male 57,921/female 54,484)
15-64 years: 67.1% (male 231,214/female 219,497)
65 years and over: 16.1% (2024 est.) (male 49,567/female 58,571)
Dependency ratios: total dependency ratio: 46.6 (2024 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 23.2 (2024 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 23.4 (2024 est.)
potential support ratio: 4.3 (2024 est.)
Median age: total: 40.1 years (2025 est.)
male: 39.4 years
female: 40.4 years
Population growth rate: 1.26% (2025 est.)
Birth rate: 9.24 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Death rate: 6.66 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Net migration rate: 10.06 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Population distribution: most people live in the south, on or near the border with France
Urbanization: urban population: 92.1% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 1.43% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Major urban areas - population: 120,000 LUXEMBOURG (capital) (2018)
Sex ratio: at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.85 male(s)/female
total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth: 31 years (2020 est.)
Maternal mortality ratio: 12 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Infant mortality rate: total: 3.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)
male: 3.6 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 2.8 deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 83.4 years (2024 est.)
male: 80.9 years
female: 85.9 years
Total fertility rate: 1.25 children born/woman (2025 est.)
Gross reproduction rate: 0.62 (2025 est.)
Drinking water source: improved: urban: urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)
improved: rural: rural: 98.6% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total: total: 99.9% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban: urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural: rural: 1.4% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 0.1% of population (2022 est.)
Health expenditure: Health expenditure (as % of GDP): 5.5% of GDP (2022)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 11% of national budget (2022 est.)
Physician density: 2.98 physicians/1,000 population (2017)
Hospital bed density: 4.2 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)
Sanitation facility access: improved: urban: urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)
improved: rural: rural: 99.9% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total: total: 100% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban: urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural: rural: 0.1% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Obesity - adult prevalence rate: 22.6% (2016)
Alcohol consumption per capita: total: 11 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
beer: 4.04 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine: 4.73 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits: 2.14 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Tobacco use: total: 21% (2025 est.)
male: 22.1% (2025 est.)
female: 19.9% (2025 est.)
Currently married women (ages 15-49): 51.1% (2022 est.)
Education expenditure: Education expenditure (% GDP): 3.7% of GDP (2022 est.)
Education expenditure (% national budget): 8.5% national budget (2022 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): total: 14 years (2022 est.)
male: 14 years (2022 est.)
female: 15 years (2022 est.)

Environmental issues: air and water pollution in urban areas; soil pollution of farmland
International environmental agreements: party to:
Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification
Climate: modified continental with mild winters, cool summers
Land use: agricultural land: 51.7% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 23.8% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 0.6% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 27.1% (2023 est.)
forest: 34.5% (2023 est.)
other: 13.9% (2023 est.)
Urbanization: urban population: 92.1% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 1.43% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: total emissions: 8.715 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from coal and metallurgical coke: 75,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids: 7.496 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from consumed natural gas: 1.144 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Particulate matter emissions: 9.2 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Waste and recycling: municipal solid waste generated annually: 490,300 tons (2024 est.)
percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 42% (2022 est.)
Total water withdrawal: municipal: 43.53 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
industrial: 1.83 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
agricultural: 490,000 cubic meters (2022 est.)
Total renewable water resources: 3.5 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Geoparks: total global geoparks and regional networks: 1
global geoparks and regional networks: Mëllerdall (2023)

Country name: conventional long form: Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
conventional short form: Luxembourg
local long form: Grand Duché de Luxembourg
local short form: Luxembourg
etymology: probably derived from an early Celtic or Germanic form of the name, Lucilinburhuc, that was thought to mean "little fortress;" the name first referred to the city and was later used for the country
Government type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: name: Luxembourg
geographic coordinates: 49 36 N, 6 07 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
etymology: probably derived from an early Celtic or Germanic form of the name, Lucilinburhuc, that was thought to mean "little fortress;" the name first referred to the city and was later used for the country
Administrative divisions: 12 cantons; Capellen, Clervaux, Diekirch, Echternach, Esch-sur-Alzette, Grevenmacher, Luxembourg, Mersch, Redange, Remich, Vianden, Wiltz
Legal system: civil law system
Constitution: history: previous 1842 (heavily amended 1848, 1856); latest effective 17 October 1868
amendment process:
proposed by the Chamber of Deputies or by the monarch to the Chamber; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the Chamber in two successive readings three months apart; a referendum can be substituted for the second reading if approved by more than a quarter of the Chamber members or by 25,000 valid voters; adoption by referendum requires a majority of all valid voters
International law organization participation: accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Citizenship: citizenship by birth:
limited to situations where the parents are either unknown, stateless, or when the nationality law of the parents' state of origin does not permit acquisition of citizenship by descent when the birth occurs outside of national territory
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Luxembourg
dual citizenship recognized: yes
residency requirement for naturalization: 7 years
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal and compulsory
Executive branch: chief of state: Grand Duke GUILLAUME (since 3 October 2025)
head of government: Prime Minister Luc FRIEDEN (since 17 November 2023)
cabinet: Council of Ministers recommended by the prime minister, appointed by the monarch
election/appointment process:
the monarchy is hereditary; following elections to the Chamber of Deputies, monarch usually appoints the leader of the majority party or majority coalition as prime minister; deputy prime minister also appointed by the monarch; prime minister and deputy prime minister are responsible to the Chamber of Deputies
Legislative branch: legislature name: Chamber of Deputies (Chambre des députés)
legislative structure: unicameral
number of seats: 60 (all directly elected)
electoral system: proportional representation
scope of elections: full renewal
term in office: 5 years
most recent election date: 10/8/2023
parties elected and seats per party:
Christian Social People's Party (CSV) (21); Democratic Party (PD/DP) (14); Socialist Workers' Party (POSL/LSAP) (11); Alternative Democratic Reform Party (ADR) (5); Greens (DEI GRÉNG) (4); Pirate Party (PIRATEN) (3); Other (2)
percentage of women in chamber: 35%
expected date of next election: October 2028
note: a 21-member Council of State is appointed by the Grand Duke on the advice of the prime minister and serves as an advisory body to the Chamber of Deputies
Judicial branch: highest court(s): Supreme Court of Justice includes Court of Appeal and Court of Cassation (consists of 27 judges on 9 benches); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members)
judge selection and term of office: judges of both courts appointed by the monarch for life
subordinate courts: Court of Accounts; district and local tribunals and courts
Political parties: Alternative Democratic Reform Party or ADR
Christian Social People's Party or CSV
Democratic Party or DP
Green Party
Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party or LSAP
Pirate Party
The Left (dei Lenk/la Gauche)
Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Nicole BINTNER-BAKSHIAN (since 15 August 2021)
chancery: 2200 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 265-4171
FAX: [1] (202) 328-8270
email address and website:
washington.amb@mae.etat.lu

https://washington.mae.lu/en.html
consulate(s) general: New York, San Francisco
Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Stacey FEINBERG (since 13 November 2025)
embassy: 22 Boulevard Emmanuel Servais, L-2535 Luxembourg City
mailing address: 5380 Luxembourg Place, Washington DC 20521-5380
telephone: [352] 46-01-23-00
FAX: [352] 46-14-01
email address and website:
Luxembourgconsular@state.gov

https://lu.usembassy.gov/
International organization participation: ADB (nonregional member), Australia Group, Benelux, BIS, CD, CE, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNOOSA, UNRWA, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Independence: 1839 (from the Netherlands)
National holiday: National Day (birthday of Grand Duke HENRI), 23 June
note: this is not the true date of birth for any of the Royals, but the national festivities were shifted in 1962 to allow observance during a more favorable time of year
Flag: description: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and light blue

history: the colors are derived from the Grand Duke's coat of arms
note: similar to the flag of the Netherlands, which is shorter and uses a darker blue
National symbol(s): red rampant lion
National color(s): red, white, light blue
National anthem(s): title: “De Wilhelmus” (The William)
lyrics/music: Nikolaus WELTER
history: adopted 1919; royal anthem, for use when members of the grand ducal family enter or exit a ceremony in Luxembourg
National heritage: total World Heritage Sites: 1 (cultural)
selected World Heritage Site locales: Luxembourg City Old Quarters and Fortifications

Economic overview: high-income EU and eurozone economy; global, highly capitalized banking sector; one of highest GDP-per-capita countries; strengthened domestic demand and lower interest rates contributing to economic growth; challenges include pension-system sustainability, labor-market dynamics, and energy price volatility
Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024: $86.871 billion (2024 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023: $85.984 billion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022: $86.584 billion (2022 est.)
note: data in 2021 dollars
Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2024: 1% (2024 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2023: -0.7% (2023 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2022: -1.1% (2022 est.)
note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency
Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2024: $128,200 (2024 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2023: $129,000 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2022: $132,600 (2022 est.)
note: data in 2021 dollars
GDP (official exchange rate): $93.197 billion (2024 est.)
note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate
Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024: 2.1% (2024 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023: 3.7% (2023 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022: 6.3% (2022 est.)
note: annual % change based on consumer prices
GDP - composition, by sector of origin: agriculture: 0.2% (2024 est.)
industry: 9% (2024 est.)
services: 81.9% (2024 est.)
note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
GDP - composition, by end use: household consumption: 31.6% (2023 est.)
government consumption: 18.6% (2023 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 16.1% (2023 est.)
investment in inventories: 1.3% (2023 est.)
exports of goods and services: 217.8% (2023 est.)
imports of goods and services: -186.7% (2023 est.)
note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection
Agricultural products: milk, wheat, barley, triticale, potatoes, pork, grapes, beef, rye, rapeseed (2023)
note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage
Industries: banking and financial services, construction, real estate services, iron, metals, and steel, information technology, telecommunications, cargo transportation and logistics, chemicals, engineering, tires, glass, aluminum, tourism, biotechnology
Industrial production growth rate: -1.1% (2024 est.)
note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency
Labor force: 350,000 (2024 est.)
note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work
Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2024: 6% (2024 est.)
Unemployment rate 2023: 5.2% (2023 est.)
Unemployment rate 2022: 4.6% (2022 est.)
note: % of labor force seeking employment
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24): total: 20.2% (2024 est.)
male: 16.9% (2024 est.)
female: 24.2% (2024 est.)
note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment
Population below poverty line: 17.3% (2021 est.)
note: % of population with income below national poverty line
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2022: 34.1 (2022 est.)
note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 2.9% (2022 est.)
highest 10%: 25.6% (2022 est.)
note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population
Remittances: Remittances 2024: 2.6% of GDP (2024 est.)
Remittances 2023: 2.8% of GDP (2023 est.)
Remittances 2022: 2.8% of GDP (2022 est.)
note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
Budget: revenues: $37.951 billion (2023 est.)
expenditures: $38.263 billion (2023 est.)
note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated
Public debt: Public debt 2017: 23% of GDP (2017 est.)
note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions
Taxes and other revenues: 27.2% (of GDP) (2023 est.)
note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP
Current account balance: Current account balance 2024: $12.877 billion (2024 est.)
Current account balance 2023: $9.861 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2022: $7.509 billion (2022 est.)
note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Exports: Exports 2024: $202.203 billion (2024 est.)
Exports 2023: $195.294 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2022: $184.53 billion (2022 est.)
note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Exports - partners: Germany 18%, France 15%, Belgium 8%, Netherlands 7%, Italy 6% (2023)
note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Exports - commodities: iron blocks, gas turbines, plastic products, rubber tires, plastics (2023)
note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Imports: Imports 2024: $160.032 billion (2024 est.)
Imports 2023: $156.818 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2022: $149.751 billion (2022 est.)
note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Imports - partners: Belgium 26%, Germany 23%, France 10%, Netherlands 5%, USA 4% (2023)
note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Imports - commodities: cars, refined petroleum, electricity, plastic products, gas turbines (2023)
note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024: $2.789 billion (2024 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023: $2.977 billion (2023 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022: $2.874 billion (2022 est.)
note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
Exchange rates: Currency: euros (EUR) per US dollar -
Exchange rates 2024: 0.924 (2024 est.)
Exchange rates 2023: 0.925 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates 2022: 0.95 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates 2021: 0.845 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates 2020: 0.876 (2020 est.)

Electricity access: electrification - total population: 100% (2022 est.)
Electricity: installed generating capacity: 2.212 million kW (2023 est.)
consumption: 5.87 billion kWh (2023 est.)
exports: 1.188 billion kWh (2023 est.)
imports: 6.39 billion kWh (2023 est.)
transmission/distribution losses: 141.867 million kWh (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources: fossil fuels: 10.5% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
solar: 37.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
wind: 55.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
hydroelectricity: -35.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) note: Luxembourg has negative net hydroelectric power generation based on losses from use of pumped storage hydropower
biomass and waste: 32.5% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Coal: consumption: 34,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
exports: 30.2 metric tons (2022 est.)
imports: 34,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
Petroleum: refined petroleum consumption: 51,000 bbl/day (2024 est.)
Natural gas: consumption: 556.63 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
imports: 552.714 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
Energy consumption per capita: Total energy consumption per capita 2023: 224.651 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Telephones - fixed lines: total subscriptions: 260,000 (2022 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 40 (2022 est.)
Telephones - mobile cellular: total subscriptions: 961,000 (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 137 (2021 est.)
Broadcast media: long national tradition of operating radio and TV services for pan-European audiences; home to Europe's largest privately owned broadcast media group, the RTL Group, which operates 46 TV stations and 29 radio stations in Europe; also home to Europe's largest satellite operator, Société Européenne des Satellites (SES); domestically, the RTL Group operates TV and radio networks; other domestic private radio and TV operators and French and German stations available; satellite and cable TV services available
Internet country code: .lu
Internet users: percent of population: 99% (2024 est.)
Broadband - fixed subscriptions: total: 250,000 (2022 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 38 (2022 est.)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: LX
Airports: 3 (2025)
Heliports: 11 (2025)
Railways: total: 271 km (2020) 262 km electrified
Merchant marine: total: 147 (2023)
by type: bulk carrier 3, container ship 1, general cargo 24, oil tanker 4, other 115

Military and security forces: Luxembourg Army (l'Armée Luxembourgeoise) (2025)
note: the Grand Ducal Police maintain internal security and report to the Ministry of Internal Security
Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2025: 2% of GDP (2025 est.)
Military Expenditures 2024: 1.2% of GDP (2024 est.)
Military Expenditures 2023: 1.1% of GDP (2023 est.)
Military Expenditures 2022: 0.6% of GDP (2022 est.)
Military Expenditures 2021: 0.5% of GDP (2021 est.)
Military and security service personnel strengths: approximately 900 active military personnel (2025)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions: the Luxembourg Army has a small mix of Western origin equipment (2025)
Military service age and obligation: 18-26 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women; no conscription (abolished 1969) (2025)
note 1: since 2003, the Army has allowed EU citizens 18-24 years of age who have been a resident in the country for at least 36 months to volunteer

note 2: 2024, women made up about 12% of the military's full-time personnel
Military - note: founded in 1881, the Luxembourg Army is responsible for the defense of the country and fulfilling the Grand Duchy’s commitments to NATO, European security, and international peacekeeping, as well as providing support to civil authorities in the event of emergencies, such as floods or disease outbreaks; the Army is an active participant in EU, NATO, and UN missions and has contributed small numbers of troops to a number of multinational operations in parts of Africa, Europe, and Asia; it trains and exercises regularly with EU and NATO partners and has contributed to the NATO battlegroup forward deployed in Lithuania since 2017; Luxembourg was one of the original 12 countries to sign the North Atlantic Treaty (also known as the Washington Treaty) establishing NATO in 1949

in 2015, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg signed an agreement to conduct joint air policing of their territories; under the agreement, which went into effect in January 2017, the Belgian and Dutch Air Forces trade responsibility for patrolling the skies over the three countries (2025)

Space agency/agencies: the Luxembourg Space Agency (LSA; established 2018) (2025)
Space program overview: Luxembourg Space Agency was established in 2018 to develop space policy, encourage and coordinate commercial space ventures, support space education, and promote the country’s space-related capabilities internationally; has a national space strategy; has set up policy and funding initiatives (such as LuxIMPULSE) to encourage research, development, innovation, and entrepreneurship and attract space-based industries; focuses on developing commercial satellites and infrastructure, as well as other capabilities and technologies; hosts some of the largest commercial satellite companies in the world; member of the ESA since 2005 and participates in a variety of ESA programs; cooperates bilaterally with individual ESA and EU member states; also works with other foreign space agencies and industries, including those of Canada, China, Japan, New Zealand, South Korea, the UAE, and the US (2025)
Key space-program milestones: 1980s - began creating a satellite telecommunications infrastructure for Europe

2014 - first privately built probe to successfully fly by the Moon (launched by China)

2018 - developed communications satellite (GOVSAT-1) to support the EU’s secure communications and space situational awareness program (GOVSATCOM)

2020 - signed US-led Artemis Accords for space exploration and agreed to join the Moon exploration mission

2021 - launched Luxembourg’s Quantum Communications Infrastructure project (LuxQCI) in support of the EU’s Quantum Communications Infrastructure (EuroQCI)

2025 - launched the Luxembourg Earth Observation System (LUXEOSys) satellite, part of a national space-based remote sensing program

Refugees and internally displaced persons: refugees: 14,344 (2024 est.)
stateless persons: 85 (2024 est.)