THE WORLD FACTBOOK — Reference Edition 2026

Background: Several eastern Baltic tribes merged in medieval times to form the ethnic core of the Latvian people (ca. 8th-12th centuries A.D.). The region subsequently came under the control of Germans, Poles, Swedes, and finally Russians. A Latvian republic emerged following World War I, but the USSR annexed it in 1940 -- an action never recognized by the US and many other countries. Latvia reestablished its independence in 1991 after the breakup of the Soviet Union. Although the last Russian troops left in 1994, the status of the Russian minority (some 25% of the population) remains of concern to Moscow. Latvia joined both NATO and the EU in 2004; it joined the euro zone in 2014 and the OECD in 2016.

Location: Eastern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, between Estonia and Lithuania
Geographic coordinates: 57 00 N, 25 00 E
Map references: Europe
Area: total: 64,589 sq km
land: 62,249 sq km
water: 2,340 sq km
Area - comparative: slightly larger than West Virginia
Land boundaries: total: 1,370 km
border countries: Belarus 161 km; Estonia 333 km; Lithuania 544 km; Russia 332 km
Coastline: 498 km
Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: limits as agreed to by Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Sweden, and Russia
continental shelf: 200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation
Climate: maritime; wet, moderate winters
Terrain: low plain
Elevation: highest point: Gaizina Kalns 312 m
lowest point: Baltic Sea 0 m
mean elevation: 87 m
Natural resources: peat, limestone, dolomite, amber, hydropower, timber, arable land
Land use: agricultural land: 31.7% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 21.9% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 0.2% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 9.7% (2023 est.)
forest: 55.5% (2023 est.)
other: 12.8% (2023 est.)
Irrigated land: 6 sq km (2016)
Population distribution: largest concentration of people is found in and around the port and capital city of Riga; small agglomerations are scattered throughout the country
Natural hazards: large percentage of agricultural fields can become waterlogged and require drainage
Geography - note: most of the country is composed of fertile low-lying plains with some hills in the east

Population: total: 1,888,439 (2025 est.)
male: 876,654
female: 1,011,785
Nationality: noun: Latvian(s)
adjective: Latvian
Ethnic groups: Latvian 62.7%, Russian 24.5%, Belarusian 3.1%, Ukrainian 2.2%, Polish 2%, Lithuanian 1.1%, other 1.8%, unspecified 2.6% (2021 est.)
Languages: Languages: Latvian (official) 56.3%, Russian 33.8%, other 0.6% (includes Polish, Ukrainian, and Belarusian), unspecified 9.4% (2011 est.)
major-language sample(s): World Factbook, neaizstājams avots pamata informāciju. (Latvian)The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Religions: Lutheran 36.2%, Roman Catholic 19.5%, Orthodox 19.1%, other Christian 1.6%, other 0.1%, unspecified/none 23.5% (2017 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: 14.7% (male 136,482/female 128,492)
15-64 years: 63% (male 562,754/female 572,850)
65 years and over: 22.2% (2024 est.) (male 137,746/female 262,922)
Dependency ratios: total dependency ratio: 56.2 (2025 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 23.3 (2025 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 33 (2025 est.)
potential support ratio: 3 (2025 est.)
Median age: total: 43.8 years (2025 est.)
male: 41.6 years
female: 49.2 years
Population growth rate: -1.27% (2025 est.)
Birth rate: 7.24 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Death rate: 14.68 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Net migration rate: -5.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Population distribution: largest concentration of people is found in and around the port and capital city of Riga; small agglomerations are scattered throughout the country
Urbanization: urban population: 68.7% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: -0.68% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Major urban areas - population: 621,000 RIGA (capital) (2023)
Sex ratio: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.52 male(s)/female
total population: 0.87 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth: 27.3 years (2020 est.)
Maternal mortality ratio: 19 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Infant mortality rate: total: 2.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)
male: 5.1 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4.3 deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 76.4 years (2024 est.)
male: 72 years
female: 81 years
Total fertility rate: 1.25 children born/woman (2025 est.)
Gross reproduction rate: 0.61 (2025 est.)
Drinking water source: improved: urban: urban: 98.9% of population (2022 est.)
improved: rural: rural: 98.9% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total: total: 98.9% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban: urban: 1.1% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural: rural: 1.1% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 1.1% of population (2022 est.)
Health expenditure: Health expenditure (as % of GDP): 9% of GDP (2021)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 12.1% of national budget (2022 est.)
Physician density: 3.4 physicians/1,000 population (2022)
Hospital bed density: 5.3 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)
Obesity - adult prevalence rate: 23.6% (2016)
Alcohol consumption per capita: total: 12.9 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
beer: 4.9 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine: 1.7 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits: 5.3 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols: 1 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Tobacco use: total: 28.8% (2025 est.)
male: 43.5% (2025 est.)
female: 16.4% (2025 est.)
Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 0.3% (2021 est.)
Currently married women (ages 15-49): 49.6% (2021 est.)
Education expenditure: Education expenditure (% GDP): 4.3% of GDP (2022 est.)
Education expenditure (% national budget): 9.9% national budget (2022 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): total: 16 years (2023 est.)
male: 15 years (2023 est.)
female: 17 years (2023 est.)

Environmental issues: some soil, water, and air pollution
International environmental agreements: party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Climate: maritime; wet, moderate winters
Land use: agricultural land: 31.7% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 21.9% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 0.2% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 9.7% (2023 est.)
forest: 55.5% (2023 est.)
other: 12.8% (2023 est.)
Urbanization: urban population: 68.7% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: -0.68% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: total emissions: 6.427 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from coal and metallurgical coke: 41,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids: 4.861 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from consumed natural gas: 1.526 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Particulate matter emissions: 15.6 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Waste and recycling: municipal solid waste generated annually: 839,700 tons (2024 est.)
percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 31.3% (2022 est.)
Total water withdrawal: municipal: 91.945 million cubic meters (2022)
industrial: 30.291 million cubic meters (2022)
agricultural: 50.098 million cubic meters (2022)
Total renewable water resources: 34.94 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

Country name: conventional long form: Republic of Latvia
conventional short form: Latvia
local long form: Latvijas Republika
local short form: Latvija
former: Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic (while occupied by the USSR)
etymology: the name originates from the Latgalians, one of four eastern Baltic tribes that formed the ethnic core of the Latvian people (ca. 8th-12th centuries A.D.)
Government type: parliamentary republic
Capital: name: Riga
geographic coordinates: 56 57 N, 24 06 E
time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
etymology: the name's origin is unclear; it may derive from the Old Lithuanian word ringa, meaning "bend" or "curve" and referring to the city's location on the Western Dvina River; alternatively, it may come from the Latvian word ridzina, meaning "stream"
Administrative divisions: 36 municipalities (novadi, singular - novads) and 7 state cities (valstpilsetu pasvaldibas, singular - valstspilsetas pasvaldiba) municipalities: Adazi, Aizkraukle, Aluksne, Augsdaugava, Balvi, Bauska, Cesis, Dienvidkurzeme, Dobele, Gulbene, Jekabpils, Jelgava, Kekava, Kraslava, Kuldiga, Limbazi, Livani, Ludza, Madona, Marupe, Ogre, Olaine, Preili, Rezekne, Ropazi, Salaspils, Saldus, Saulkrasti, Sigulda, Smiltene, Talsi, Tukums, Valka, Valmiera, Varaklani, Ventspils cities: Daugavpils, Jelgava, Jurmala, Liepaja, Rezekne, Riga, Ventspils
Legal system: civil law system with traces of socialist legal traditions and practices
Constitution: history: several previous (pre-1991 independence); after independence was restored in 1991, parts of the 1922 constitution were reintroduced on 4 May 1990 and fully reintroduced on 6 July 1993
amendment process: proposed by two thirds of Parliament members or by petition of one tenth of qualified voters submitted through the president; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote of Parliament in each of three readings; amendment of constitutional articles, including national sovereignty, language, the parliamentary electoral system, and constitutional amendment procedures, requires passage in a referendum by majority vote of at least one half of the electorate
International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Citizenship: citizenship by birth: no
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Latvia
dual citizenship recognized: no
residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch: chief of state: President Edgars RINKEVICS (since 8 July 2023)
head of government: Prime Minister Evika SILINA (since 15 September 2023)
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers nominated by the prime minister, appointed by Parliament
election/appointment process: president indirectly elected by Parliament for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term); prime minister appointed by the president, confirmed by Parliament
most recent election date: 31 May 2023
election results: 2023: Edgars RINKEVICS elected president in the third round; Parliament vote - Edgars RINKEVICS (Unity Party) 52, Uldis Pīlēns (independent) 25; Evika SILINA confirmed as prime minister 53-392019: Egils LEVITS elected president; Parliament vote - Egils LEVITS (independent) 61, Didzis SMITS (KPV LV) 24, Juris JANSONS (independent) 8; Krisjanis KARINS confirmed as prime minister 61-39
expected date of next election: 2027
Legislative branch: legislature name: Parliament (Saeima)
legislative structure: unicameral
number of seats: 100 (all directly elected)
electoral system: proportional representation
scope of elections: full renewal
term in office: 4 years
most recent election date: 10/1/2022
parties elected and seats per party: New Unity (VIENOTIBA) (26); Union of Farmers and Greens (ZZS) (16); United List - Latvian Green Party, Latvian Regional Alliance, Liepāja Party (15); National Alliance of All for Latvia!" - "For Fatherland and Freedom / LNNK" (NA) (13); For Stability! (11); Progressives (10); Latvia First (9)
percentage of women in chamber: 31%
expected date of next election: October 2026
Judicial branch: highest court(s): Supreme Court (consists of the Senate with 36 judges); Constitutional Court (consists of 7 judges)
judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges nominated by chief justice and confirmed by the Saeima; judges serve until age 70, but term can be extended 2 years; Constitutional Court judges - 3 nominated by Saeima members, 2 by Cabinet ministers, and 2 by plenum of Supreme Court; all judges confirmed by Saeima majority vote; Constitutional Court president and vice president serve in their positions for 3 years; all judges serve 10-year terms; mandatory retirement at age 70
subordinate courts: district (city) and regional courts
Political parties: For Stability or S!For Latvia's Development or LAHarmony or SHonor to Serve Riga! or GKRLatvia First or LPVNational Alliance or NANew Unity or JVPeople. Land. Statehood. or TZVThe Progressives or PROUnion of Greens and Farmers or ZZSUnited List or ASWe for Talsi and Municipality or MTuN
Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Elita KUZMA (since 18 September 2024)
chancery: 2306 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 328-2840
FAX: [1] (202) 328-2860
email address and website: embassy.usa@mfa.gov.lvhttps://www2.mfa.gov.lv/en/usa
Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d’Affaires Julia JACOBY (since December 2025)
embassy: 1 Samnera Velsa Street (former Remtes), Riga LV-1510
mailing address: 4520 Riga Place, Washington DC 20521-4520
telephone: [371] 6710-7000
FAX: [371] 6710-7050
email address and website: askconsular-riga@state.govhttps://lv.usembassy.gov/
International organization participation: Australia Group, BA, BIS, CBSS, CD, CE, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, ESA (cooperating state), EU, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Independence: 18 November 1918 (from Soviet Russia); 4 May 1990 (declared from the Soviet Union); 6 September 1991 (recognized by the Soviet Union)
National holiday: Independence Day (Republic of Latvia Proclamation Day), 18 November (1918)
Flag: description: three horizontal bands of maroon (top), white (half-width), and maroonhistory: the flag is one of the older banners in the world -- a medieval chronicle mentions Latvian tribes using a red standard with a white stripe around 1280
National symbol(s): white wagtail (bird)
National color(s): maroon, white
National anthem(s): title: "Dievs, sveti Latviju!" (God Bless Latvia)
lyrics/music: Karlis BAUMANIS
history: adopted 1920, restored 1990; first performed in 1873 when Latvia was part of Russia; banned during the Soviet occupation from 1940 to 1990
National heritage: total World Heritage Sites: 3 (all cultural)
selected World Heritage Site locales: Historic Center of Riga; Struve Geodetic Arc; Old town of Kuldīga

Economic overview: high-income EU and eurozone member; weak recovery following economic contraction, with slight increase in private consumption and uncertain trade environment; challenges from skilled-labor shortages, capital market access, large informal sector, and green and digital transitions
Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024: $72.516 billion (2024 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023: $72.838 billion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022: $70.817 billion (2022 est.)
Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2024: -0.4% (2024 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2023: 2.9% (2023 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2022: 1.8% (2022 est.)
Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2024: $38,900 (2024 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2023: $38,800 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2022: $37,700 (2022 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate): $43.521 billion (2024 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024: 1.3% (2024 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023: 8.9% (2023 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022: 17.3% (2022 est.)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin: agriculture: 4.1% (2024 est.)
industry: 19.9% (2024 est.)
services: 63.1% (2024 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use: household consumption: 62.7% (2023 est.)
government consumption: 20.2% (2023 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 24.7% (2023 est.)
investment in inventories: -0.1% (2023 est.)
exports of goods and services: 66.5% (2023 est.)
imports of goods and services: -70.2% (2023 est.)
Agricultural products: wheat, milk, rapeseed, barley, oats, potatoes, rye, beans, peas, chicken (2023)
Industries: processed foods, processed wood products, textiles, processed metals, pharmaceuticals, railroad cars, synthetic fibers, electronics
Industrial production growth rate: -4% (2024 est.)
Labor force: 954,900 (2024 est.)
Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2024: 6.8% (2024 est.)
Unemployment rate 2023: 6.5% (2023 est.)
Unemployment rate 2022: 6.9% (2022 est.)
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24): total: 12.5% (2024 est.)
male: 13% (2024 est.)
female: 11.9% (2024 est.)
Population below poverty line: 22.5% (2022 est.)
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2022: 33.7 (2022 est.)
Average household expenditures: on food: 19.6% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
on alcohol and tobacco: 7.1% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 2.6% (2022 est.)
highest 10%: 25.8% (2022 est.)
Remittances: Remittances 2024: 3.1% of GDP (2024 est.)
Remittances 2023: 2.9% of GDP (2023 est.)
Remittances 2022: 3.4% of GDP (2022 est.)
Budget: revenues: $14.58 billion (2023 est.)
expenditures: $15.432 billion (2023 est.)
Public debt: Public debt 2017: 36.3% of GDP (2017 est.)
Taxes and other revenues: 16.7% (of GDP) (2023 est.)
Current account balance: Current account balance 2024: -$923.266 million (2024 est.)
Current account balance 2023: -$1.663 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2022: -$2.082 billion (2022 est.)
Exports: Exports 2024: $28.117 billion (2024 est.)
Exports 2023: $28.294 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2022: $29.364 billion (2022 est.)
Exports - partners: Lithuania 19%, Estonia 6%, Russia 6%, Germany 6%, Sweden 5% (2023)
Exports - commodities: wood, wheat, broadcasting equipment, packaged medicine, natural gas (2023)
Imports: Imports 2024: $29.234 billion (2024 est.)
Imports 2023: $29.875 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2022: $31.206 billion (2022 est.)
Imports - partners: Lithuania 18%, Germany 11%, Poland 10%, Estonia 8%, Finland 5% (2023)
Imports - commodities: refined petroleum, cars, packaged medicine, broadcasting equipment, natural gas (2023)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024: $5.141 billion (2024 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023: $4.957 billion (2023 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022: $4.46 billion (2022 est.)
Exchange rates: Currency: euros (EUR) per US dollar -
Exchange rates 2024: 0.924 (2024 est.)
Exchange rates 2023: 0.925 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates 2022: 0.95 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates 2021: 0.845 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates 2020: 0.876 (2020 est.)

Electricity access: electrification - total population: 100% (2022 est.)
Electricity: installed generating capacity: 3.428 million kW (2023 est.)
consumption: 6.822 billion kWh (2023 est.)
exports: 3.271 billion kWh (2023 est.)
imports: 4.075 billion kWh (2023 est.)
transmission/distribution losses: 342.238 million kWh (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources: fossil fuels: 22.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
solar: 3.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
wind: 4.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
hydroelectricity: 59.3% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
biomass and waste: 10.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Coal: consumption: 20,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
exports: 12,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
imports: 39,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
Petroleum: total petroleum production: 2,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
refined petroleum consumption: 33,000 bbl/day (2024 est.)
Natural gas: consumption: 786.523 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
imports: 786.523 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
Energy consumption per capita: Total energy consumption per capita 2023: 65.908 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Telephones - fixed lines: total subscriptions: 142,000 (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 8 (2023 est.)
Telephones - mobile cellular: total subscriptions: 2.27 million (2024 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 121 (2024 est.)
Broadcast media: several national and regional commercial TV stations are foreign-owned, 2 national TV stations are publicly owned; system supplemented by privately owned regional and local TV stations; cable and satellite multi-channel TV services with domestic and foreign broadcasts available; publicly owned broadcaster operates 4 radio networks with dozens of stations; dozens of private broadcasters also operate radio stations
Internet country code: .lv
Internet users: percent of population: 92% (2023 est.)
Broadband - fixed subscriptions: total: 489,000 (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 26 (2023 est.)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: YL
Airports: 55 (2025)
Heliports: 5 (2025)
Railways: total: 2,216 km (2020) 257 km electrified
Merchant marine: total: 83 (2023)
by type: container ship 2, general cargo 30, oil tanker 10, other 41
Ports: total ports: 5 (2024)
large: 1
medium: 2
small: 0
very small: 2
ports with oil terminals: 3
key ports: Lielupe, Liepaja, Riga, Salacgriva, Ventspils

Military and security forces: National Armed Forces (Nacionalie Brunotie Speki or NBS): Land Forces (Latvijas Sauszemes Speki), Naval Force (Latvijas Juras Speki, includes Coast Guard (Latvijas Kara Flote)), Air Force (Latvijas Gaisa Speki), National Guard (aka Land Guard or Zemessardze)Ministry of Interior: State Police, State Border Guards, State Security Service (2025)
Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2025: 3.7% of GDP (2025 est.)
Military Expenditures 2024: 3.4% of GDP (2024 est.)
Military Expenditures 2023: 3% of GDP (2023 est.)
Military Expenditures 2022: 2.3% of GDP (2022 est.)
Military Expenditures 2021: 2.2% of GDP (2021 est.)
Military and security service personnel strengths: approximately 9,000 active-duty military personnel (2025)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions: the Latvian military's inventory consists of European and US armaments (2025)
Military service age and obligation: mandatory military service for all men 18-24; men and women 18-27 may volunteer for military service; service length 11 months in the Armed Forces or National Guard, or 5 years in the National Guard as a whole, with a minimum of 21 days of individual training and a maximum of 7 days of collective training each year (2026)
Military deployments: 140 Kosovo (KFOR/NATO) (2025)
Military - note: the National Armed Forces are responsible for the defense of the country’s sovereignty and territory; they also have some domestic security responsibilities, including coast guard functions, search and rescue, humanitarian assistance, and providing support to other internal security services; the Military Police provides protection to the president and other government officials, foreign dignitaries, and key facilities; Latvia’s primary external security focus is Russiain 2004, Latvia joined NATO and the EU, both of which it depends on to play a decisive role in Latvia’s security policy; the Latvian military has participated in EU and NATO missions abroad and regularly conducts training and exercises with EU and NATO partner forces; Latvia also hosts NATO partner forces; since 2017, it has hosted a Canadian-led multinational NATO ground force battlegroup as part of the Alliance’s Enhanced Forward Presence initiative; in addition, NATO has provided air protection for Latvia since 2004 through its Baltics Air Policing missionLatvia is a member of the UK-led Joint Expeditionary Force, a pool of high-readiness military forces from 10 Baltic and Scandinavian countries designed to respond to a wide range of contingencies in the North Atlantic, Baltic Sea, and High North regions (2025)

Refugees and internally displaced persons: refugees: 49,483 (2024 est.)
stateless persons: 173,891 (2024 est.)

Latvia