THE WORLD FACTBOOK — Reference Edition 2026

Background: The peoples of Mongolia have a long history under a number of nomadic empires dating back to the Xiongnu in the 4th century B.C., and the name Mongol goes back to at least the 11th century A.D. The most famous Mongol, TEMÜÜJIN (aka Genghis Khan), emerged as the ruler of all Mongols in the early 1200s. By the time of his death in 1227, he had created through conquest a Mongol Empire that extended across much of Eurasia. His descendants, including ÖGÖDEI and KHUBILAI (aka Kublai Khan), continued to conquer Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and the rest of China, where KHUBILAI established the Yuan Dynasty in the 1270s. The Mongols attempted to invade Japan and Java before their empire broke apart in the 14th century. In the 17th century, Mongolia fell under the rule of the Manchus of the Chinese Qing Dynasty. After Manchu rule collapsed in 1911, Mongolia declared independence, finally winning it in 1921 with help from the Soviet Union. Mongolia became a socialist state (the Mongolian People’s Republic) in 1924. Until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1989, Mongolia was a Soviet satellite state and relied heavily on economic, military, and political assistance from Moscow. The period was also marked by purges, political repression, economic stagnation, and tensions with China. Mongolia peacefully transitioned to an independent democracy in 1990. In 1992, it adopted a new constitution and established a free-market economy. Since the country's transition, it has conducted a series of successful presidential and legislative elections. Throughout the period, the ex-communist Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party -- which took the name Mongolian People’s Party (MPP) in 2010 -- has competed for political power with the Democratic Party and several other smaller parties. For most of its democratic history, Mongolia has had a divided government, with the presidency and the parliamentary majority held by different parties but that changed in 2021, when the MPP won the presidency after having secured a supermajority in parliament in 2020. Mongolia’s June 2021 presidential election delivered a decisive victory for MPP candidate Ukhnaagiin KHURELSUKH. Mongolia maintains close cultural, political, and military ties with Russia, while China is its largest economic partner. Mongolia’s foreign relations are focused on preserving its autonomy by balancing relations with China and Russia, as well as its other major partners, Japan, South Korea, and the US.

Location: Northern Asia, between China and Russia
Geographic coordinates: 46 00 N, 105 00 E
Map references: Asia
Area: total: 1,564,116 sq km
land: 1,553,556 sq km
water: 10,560 sq km
Area - comparative: slightly smaller than Alaska; more than twice the size of Texas
Land boundaries: total: 8,082 km
border countries: China 4,630 km; Russia 3,452 km
Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims: none (landlocked)
Climate: desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges)
Terrain: vast semidesert and desert plains, grassy steppe, mountains in west and southwest; Gobi Desert in south-central
Elevation: highest point: Nayramadlin Orgil (Khuiten Peak) 4,374 m
lowest point: Hoh Nuur 560 m
mean elevation: 1,528 m
Natural resources: oil, coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc, fluorspar, gold, silver, iron
Land use: agricultural land: 69% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 0.7% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 0% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 68.2% (2023 est.)
forest: 9.1% (2023 est.)
other: 21.9% (2023 est.)
Irrigated land: 796 sq km (2022)
Major lakes (area sq km): fresh water lake(s): Hovsgol Nuur - 2,620 sq km; Har Us Nuur - 1,760 sq km;
salt water lake(s): Uvs Nuur - 3,350 sq km; Hyargas Nuur - 1,360 sq km
Major rivers (by length in km): Amur (shared with China [s] and Russia [m]) - 4,444 kmnote: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth
Population distribution: population sparsely distributed throughout the country; the capital of Ulaanbaatar and the northern city of Darhan support the highest population densities
Natural hazards: dust storms; grassland and forest fires; drought; "zud," which is harsh winter conditions
Geography - note: landlocked; strategic location between China and Russia

Population: total: 3,281,676 (2024 est.)
male: 1,595,596
female: 1,686,080
Nationality: noun: Mongolian(s)
adjective: Mongolian
Ethnic groups: Khalkh 83.8%, Kazak 3.8%, Durvud 2.6%, Bayad 2%, Buriad 1.4%, Zakhchin 1.2%, Dariganga 1.1%, other 4.1% (2020 est.)
Languages: Languages: Mongolian 90% (official, Khalkha dialect is predominant), Turkic, Russian (1999)
major-language sample(s): Дэлхийн баримтат ном, үндсэн мэдээллийн зайлшгүй эх сурвалж. (Mongolian)The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Religions: Buddhist 51.8%, no religion 40.6%, Muslim 3.2%, Shaman 2.5%, Christian 1.3%, Other 0.6% (2020 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: 25.7% (male 429,867/female 412,943)
15-64 years: 68.4% (male 1,087,487/female 1,156,547)
65 years and over: 5.9% (2024 est.) (male 78,242/female 116,590)
Dependency ratios: total dependency ratio: 59.1 (2024 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 50.2 (2024 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 8.9 (2024 est.)
potential support ratio: 11.2 (2024 est.)
Median age: total: 28.8 years (2025 est.)
male: 30.1 years
female: 32.8 years
Population growth rate: 1.08% (2025 est.)
Birth rate: 18.01 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Death rate: 5.35 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Net migration rate: -1.83 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Population distribution: population sparsely distributed throughout the country; the capital of Ulaanbaatar and the northern city of Darhan support the highest population densities
Urbanization: urban population: 69.1% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 1.4% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Major urban areas - population: 1.673 million ULAANBAATAR (capital) (2023)
Sex ratio: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.67 male(s)/female
total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth: 20.5 years (2008 est.)
Maternal mortality ratio: 41 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Infant mortality rate: total: 8.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)
male: 22.4 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 16.2 deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 71.9 years (2024 est.)
male: 67.8 years
female: 76.3 years
Total fertility rate: 2.6 children born/woman (2025 est.)
Gross reproduction rate: 1.27 (2025 est.)
Drinking water source: improved: urban: urban: 94.2% of population (2022 est.)
improved: rural: rural: 59.7% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total: total: 83.5% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban: urban: 5.8% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural: rural: 40.3% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 16.5% of population (2022 est.)
Health expenditure: Health expenditure (as % of GDP): 6.9% of GDP (2021)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 9.2% of national budget (2022 est.)
Physician density: 4.13 physicians/1,000 population (2022)
Hospital bed density: 10.6 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)
Sanitation facility access: improved: urban: urban: 97.8% of population (2022 est.)
improved: rural: rural: 78.7% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total: total: 91.9% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban: urban: 2.2% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural: rural: 21.3% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 8.1% of population (2022 est.)
Obesity - adult prevalence rate: 20.6% (2016)
Alcohol consumption per capita: total: 5.46 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
beer: 2.18 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine: 1.46 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits: 1.82 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Tobacco use: total: 28.9% (2025 est.)
male: 51.9% (2025 est.)
female: 7.2% (2025 est.)
Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 1.9% (2023 est.)
Currently married women (ages 15-49): 60.2% (2020 est.)
Child marriage: women married by age 15: 0.9% (2018)
women married by age 18: 12% (2018)
men married by age 18: 2.1% (2018)
Education expenditure: Education expenditure (% GDP): 3.7% of GDP (2023 est.)
Education expenditure (% national budget): 13.8% national budget (2024 est.)
Literacy: total population: 98.6% (2023 est.)
male: 98.3% (2023 est.)
female: 98.9% (2023 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): total: 14 years (2023 est.)
male: 13 years (2023 est.)
female: 14 years (2023 est.)

Environmental issues: limited natural freshwater resources in some areas; air pollution from coal-burning power plants and lax regulations in Ulaanbaatar; soil erosion from deforestation and overgrazing; water pollution; desertification; effects from mining
International environmental agreements: party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Climate: desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges)
Land use: agricultural land: 69% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 0.7% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 0% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 68.2% (2023 est.)
forest: 9.1% (2023 est.)
other: 21.9% (2023 est.)
Urbanization: urban population: 69.1% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 1.4% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: total emissions: 19.203 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from coal and metallurgical coke: 13.489 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids: 5.714 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Particulate matter emissions: 41.3 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Methane emissions: energy: 532.2 kt (2022-2024 est.)
agriculture: 525.2 kt (2019-2021 est.)
waste: 14.2 kt (2019-2021 est.)
other: 2.9 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Waste and recycling: municipal solid waste generated annually: 2.9 million tons (2024 est.)
percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 13% (2022 est.)
Total water withdrawal: municipal: 45.3 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
industrial: 166.2 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
agricultural: 250.9 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
Total renewable water resources: 34.8 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

Country name: conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Mongolia
local long form: none
local short form: Mongol Uls
former: Outer Mongolia, Mongolian People's Republic
etymology: name comes from the Mongol people, whose name derives from the Mongol root word mengu or mongu, meaning "brave" or "unconquered;" the Mongolian name Mongol Uls translates as "Mongol State"
Government type: semi-presidential republic
Capital: name: Ulaanbaatar
geographic coordinates: 47 55 N, 106 55 E
time difference: UTC+8 (13 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Saturday in March; ends last Saturday in September
time zone note: Mongolia has two time zones - Ulaanbaatar Time (8 hours in advance of UTC) and Hovd Time (7 hours in advance of UTC)
etymology: the name means "red hero" in Mongolian and honors national hero Damdin SUKHBAATAR, leader of the partisan army that, with Soviet help, liberated Mongolia from Chinese occupation in the early 1920s
Administrative divisions: 21 provinces (aymguud, singular - aymag) and 1 municipality* (hot); Arhangay, Bayanhongor, Bayan-Olgiy, Bulgan, Darhan-Uul, Dornod, Dornogovi, Dundgovi, Dzavhan (Zavkhan), Govi-Altay, Govisumber, Hentiy, Hovd, Hovsgol, Omnogovi, Orhon, Ovorhangay, Selenge, Suhbaatar, Tov, Ulaanbaatar*, Uvs
Legal system: civil law system influenced by Soviet and Romano-Germanic systems; constitution ambiguous on judicial review of legislative acts
Constitution: history: several previous; latest adopted 13 January 1992, effective 12 February 1992
amendment process: proposed by the State Great Hural, by the president of the republic, by the government, or by petition submitted to the State Great Hural by the Constitutional Court; conducting referenda on proposed amendments requires at least two-thirds majority vote of the State Great Hural; passage of amendments by the State Great Hural requires at least three-quarters majority vote; passage by referendum requires majority participation of qualified voters and a majority of votes
International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Citizenship: citizenship by birth: no
citizenship by descent only: both parents must be citizens of Mongolia; one parent if born within Mongolia
dual citizenship recognized: no
residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch: chief of state: President Ukhnaagiin KHURELSUKH (since 25 June 2021)
head of government: Prime Minister Gombojavyn ZANDANSHATAR (since 13 June 2025)
cabinet: Cabinet directly appointed by the prime minister
election/appointment process: presidential candidates nominated by political parties represented in the State Great Hural and directly elected by simple-majority popular vote for one 6-year term; following legislative elections, the State Great Hural usually elects the leader of the majority party or majority coalition as prime minister
most recent election date: 9 June 2021
election results: 2021: Ukhnaagiin KHURELSUKH elected president in first round; percent of vote - Ukhnaagiin KHURELSUKH (MPP) 68%, Dangaasuren ENKHBAT (RPEC) 20.1%, Sodnomzundui ERDENE (DP) 6%2017: Khaltmaa BATTULGA elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Khaltmaa BATTULGA (DP) 38.1%, Miyegombo ENKHBOLD (MPP) 30.3%, Sainkhuu GANBAATAR (MPRP) 30.2%, invalid 1.4%; percent of vote in second round - Khaltmaa BATTULGA 55.2%, Miyegombo ENKHBOLD 44.8%
expected date of next election: 2027
Legislative branch: legislature name: State Great Hural (Ulsiin Ih Hural)
legislative structure: unicameral
number of seats: 126 (all directly elected)
electoral system: mixed system
scope of elections: full renewal
term in office: 4 years
most recent election date: 6/28/2024
parties elected and seats per party: Mongolian People's Party (MPP) (68); Democratic Party (DP) (42); HUN Party (8); Other (8)
percentage of women in chamber: 25.4%
expected date of next election: June 2028
Judicial branch: highest court(s): Supreme Court (consists of the Chief Justice and 24 judges organized into civil, criminal, and administrative chambers); Constitutional Court or Tsets (consists of the chairman and 8 members)
judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court chief justice and judges appointed by the president on recommendation of the General Council of Courts -- a 14-member body of judges and judicial officials -- to the State Great Hural; appointment is for life; chairman of the Constitutional Court elected from among its members; members appointed from nominations by the State Great Hural - 3 each by the president, the State Great Hural, and the Supreme Court; appointment is 6 years; chairmanship limited to a single renewable 3-year term
subordinate courts: aimag (provincial) and capital city appellate courts; soum, inter-soum, and district courts; Administrative Cases Courts
Political parties: Democratic Party or DPMongolian People's Party or MPP National Coalition (consists of Mongolian Green Party or MGP and the Mongolian National Democratic Party or MNDP)National Labor Party or HUN Civil Will-Green Party or CWGP
Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador BATBAYAR Ulziidelger (since 1 December 2021)
chancery: 2833 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20007
telephone: [1] (202) 333-7117
FAX: [1] (202) 298-9227
email address and website: washington@mfa.gov.mnhttp://mongolianembassy.us/
consulate(s) general: New York, San Francisco
Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Richard L. BUANGAN (since November 2022)
embassy: Denver Street #3, 11th Micro-District, Ulaanbaatar 14190
mailing address: 4410 Ulaanbaatar Place, Washington DC 20521-4410
telephone: [976] 7007-6001
FAX: [976] 7007-6174
email address and website: UlaanbaatarACS@state.govhttps://mn.usembassy.gov/
International organization participation: ADB, ARF, CD, CICA, CP, EBRD, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MINURSO, MONUSCO, NAM, OPCW, OSCE, SCO (observer), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMISS, UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Independence: 29 December 1911 (independence declared from China; in actuality, autonomy attained); 11 July 1921 (from China)
National holiday: Naadam (games) holiday, 11-15 July; Constitution Day, 26 November (1924)
Flag: description: three equal vertical bands of red (left side), blue, and red; centered on the left-side red band is the national emblem in yellow, the soyombo, which is an abstract representation of fire, sun, moon, earth, water, and the yin-yang symbolmeaning: blue stands for the sky, and red for progress and prosperity
National symbol(s): Soyombo character (from the Soyombo writing system)
National color(s): red, blue, yellow
National anthem(s): title: "Mongol ulsyn toriin duulal" (National Anthem of Mongolia)
lyrics/music: Tsendiin DAMDINSUREN/Bilegiin DAMDINSUREN and Luvsanjamts MURJORJ
history: music adopted 1950, lyrics adopted 2006; lyrics altered on numerous occasions
National heritage: total World Heritage Sites: 6 (4 cultural, 2 natural)
selected World Heritage Site locales: Uvs Nuur Basin (n); Orkhon Valley Cultural Landscape (c); Petroglyphic Complexes of the Mongolian Altai (c); Great Burkhan Khaldun Mountain and surrounding sacred landscape (c); Landscapes of Dauria (n); Deer Stone Monuments and Related Bronze Age Sites (c)

Economic overview: lower middle-income East Asian economy; large human capital improvements over last 3 decades; agricultural and natural resource rich; export and consumption-led growth; high inflation due to supply bottlenecks and increased food and energy prices; currency depreciation
Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024: $59.221 billion (2024 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023: $56.474 billion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022: $52.572 billion (2022 est.)
Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2024: 4.9% (2024 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2023: 7.4% (2023 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2022: 5% (2022 est.)
Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2024: $16,800 (2024 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2023: $16,200 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2022: $15,300 (2022 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate): $23.586 billion (2024 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024: 6.8% (2024 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023: 10.3% (2023 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022: 15.1% (2022 est.)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin: agriculture: 7.4% (2024 est.)
industry: 38.1% (2024 est.)
services: 44.2% (2024 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use: household consumption: 49.8% (2024 est.)
government consumption: 16.3% (2024 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 26.8% (2024 est.)
investment in inventories: 7.8% (2024 est.)
exports of goods and services: 69.1% (2024 est.)
imports of goods and services: -69.8% (2024 est.)
Agricultural products: milk, wheat, lamb/mutton, potatoes, beef, carrots/turnips, goat milk, goat meat, bison milk, horse meat (2023)
Industries: construction and construction materials; mining (coal, copper, molybdenum, fluorspar, tin, tungsten, gold); oil; food and beverages; processing of animal products, cashmere and natural fiber manufacturing
Industrial production growth rate: 6.5% (2024 est.)
Labor force: 1.449 million (2024 est.)
Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2024: 5.5% (2024 est.)
Unemployment rate 2023: 5.6% (2023 est.)
Unemployment rate 2022: 6.3% (2022 est.)
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24): total: 13.8% (2024 est.)
male: 15.9% (2024 est.)
female: 10.8% (2024 est.)
Population below poverty line: 27.1% (2022 est.)
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2022: 31.4 (2022 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 3.4% (2022 est.)
highest 10%: 24.6% (2022 est.)
Remittances: Remittances 2023: 2.2% of GDP (2023 est.)
Remittances 2022: 2.3% of GDP (2022 est.)
Remittances 2021: 3.1% of GDP (2021 est.)
Budget: revenues: $4.721 billion (2021 est.)
expenditures: $5.623 billion (2021 est.)
Public debt: Public debt 2021: 67.6% of GDP (2021 est.)
Taxes and other revenues: 16.9% (of GDP) (2021 est.)
Current account balance: Current account balance 2023: $121.266 million (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2022: -$2.303 billion (2022 est.)
Current account balance 2021: -$2.108 billion (2021 est.)
Exports: Exports 2023: $15.501 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2022: $10.989 billion (2022 est.)
Exports 2021: $8.95 billion (2021 est.)
Exports - partners: China 92%, Switzerland 6%, Italy 1%, Thailand 0%, Japan 0% (2023)
Exports - commodities: coal, copper ore, gold, iron ore, crude petroleum (2023)
Imports: Imports 2023: $13.545 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2022: $12.112 billion (2022 est.)
Imports 2021: $9.256 billion (2021 est.)
Imports - partners: China 57%, Japan 13%, Germany 3%, Singapore 3%, USA 3% (2023)
Imports - commodities: cars, trucks, trailers, tractors, construction vehicles (2023)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024: $5.508 billion (2024 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023: $4.916 billion (2023 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022: $3.398 billion (2022 est.)
Debt - external: Debt - external 2023: $8.379 billion (2023 est.)
Exchange rates: Currency: togrog/tugriks (MNT) per US dollar -
Exchange rates 2024: 3,389.982 (2024 est.)
Exchange rates 2023: 3,465.737 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates 2022: 3,140.678 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates 2021: 2,849.289 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates 2020: 2,813.29 (2020 est.)

Electricity access: electrification - total population: 100% (2022 est.)
Electricity: installed generating capacity: 1.51 million kW (2023 est.)
consumption: 8.997 billion kWh (2023 est.)
exports: 24 million kWh (2023 est.)
imports: 2.224 billion kWh (2023 est.)
transmission/distribution losses: 1.113 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources: fossil fuels: 90.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
solar: 2.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
wind: 6.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
hydroelectricity: 0.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Coal: production: 64.824 million metric tons (2023 est.)
consumption: 8.941 million metric tons (2023 est.)
exports: 55.884 million metric tons (2023 est.)
imports: 900 metric tons (2023 est.)
proven reserves: 2.52 billion metric tons (2023 est.)
Petroleum: total petroleum production: 15,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
refined petroleum consumption: 39,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
Energy consumption per capita: Total energy consumption per capita 2023: 67.132 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Telephones - fixed lines: total subscriptions: 524,000 (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 15 (2023 est.)
Telephones - mobile cellular: total subscriptions: 4.84 million (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 142 (2022 est.)
Broadcast media: state-run radio and TV provider is now a public-service provider; also available are 68 radio and 160 TV stations, including multi-channel satellite and cable TV providers; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are available (2019)
Internet country code: .mn
Internet users: percent of population: 83% (2023 est.)
Broadband - fixed subscriptions: total: 499,000 (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 15 (2023 est.)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: JU
Airports: 37 (2025)
Railways: total: 1,815 km (2017)
broad gauge: 1,815 km (2017) 1.520-m gauge
Merchant marine: total: 318 (2023)
by type: bulk carrier 8, container ship 8, general cargo 151, oil tanker 58, other 93

Military and security forces: Mongolian Armed Forces (MAF): Land Force, Air Force, Cyber Security Forces, Special Forces, Construction-Engineering Forces (2025)
Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2024: 0.7% of GDP (2024 est.)
Military Expenditures 2023: 0.6% of GDP (2023 est.)
Military Expenditures 2022: 0.6% of GDP (2022 est.)
Military Expenditures 2021: 0.8% of GDP (2021 est.)
Military Expenditures 2020: 0.8% of GDP (2020 est.)
Military and security service personnel strengths: information varies; estimated 10-20,000 active Mongolian Armed Forces (2025)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions: the MAF's inventory is comprised largely of Soviet-era and secondhand Russian equipment (2025)
Military service age and obligation: 18-25 years of age for voluntary service for men and women; initial service 24 months; compulsory service for men at 18; service obligation is 12 months in the military or police, which can be extended to 15 months under special circumstances; compulsory service can be exchanged for a 24‐month stint in the civil service or a cash payment determined by the Mongolian Government; after conscription, soldiers can contract into military service for up to 4 years (2025)
Military deployments: 850 South Sudan (UNMISS) (2025)
Military - note: the Mongolian Armed Forces (MAF) are responsible for ensuring the country's independence, security, and territorial integrity, as well as supporting Mongolia's developmental goals and diplomacy; it has a range of missions, including counterterrorism, international peacekeeping duties, and assisting the internal security forces in providing emergency aid and disaster relief; Mongolia hosts an annual international peacekeeping exercise known as “Khaan Quest”; it has no formal military alliances, but has defense ties and conducts training exercises with several regional countries and others, such as China, India, Russia, and the USMongolia actively cooperates with NATO on issues such as counterterrorism, nonproliferation, and cybersecurity through an Individual Partnership and Cooperation Program; it supported the NATO-led Kosovo Force from 2005-2007 and contributed troops to the NATO-led missions in Afghanistan from 2009-2021; Mongolia also is an observer in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (2025)

Refugees and internally displaced persons: refugees: 26 (2024 est.)
IDPs: 22 (2024 est.)
stateless persons: 17 (2024 est.)

Mongolia