THE WORLD FACTBOOK — Reference Edition 2026

Background: Austronesian people settled the Northern Mariana Islands around 1500 B.C. These people became the indigenous Chamorro and were influenced by later migrations, including Micronesians in the first century A.D. and island Southeast Asians around 900. Spanish explorer Ferdinand MAGELLAN sailed through the Mariana Islands in 1521, and Spain claimed them in 1565. Spain formally colonized the Mariana Islands in 1668 and administered the archipelago from Guam. Spain’s brutal repression of the Chamorro, along with new diseases and intermittent warfare, reduced the indigenous population by about 90% in the 1700s. With a similar dynamic occurring on Guam, Spain forced the Chamorro from the Northern Mariana Islands to resettle there. By the time they returned, many other Micronesians, including Chuukese and Yapese, had already settled on their islands.In 1898, Spain ceded Guam to the US after the Spanish-American War but sold the Northern Mariana Islands to Germany under the German-Spanish Treaty of 1899. Germany administered the territory from German New Guinea but took a hands-off approach to day-to-day life. Following World War I, Japan administered the islands under a League of Nations mandate. Japan focused on sugar production and brought in thousands of Japanese laborers, who quickly outnumbered the Chamorro on the islands. During World War II, Japan invaded Guam from the Northern Mariana Islands and used Marianan Chamorro as translators with Guamanian Chamorro, creating friction between the two Chamorro communities that continues to this day. The US captured the Northern Mariana Islands in 1944 after the Battle of Saipan and later administered them as part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (TTPI).On four occasions in the 1950s and 1960s, voters opted for integration with Guam, which Guam rejected in 1969. In 1978, the Northern Mariana Islands was granted self-governance separate from the rest of the TTPI, and in 1986, islanders were granted US citizenship, with the territory coming under US sovereignty as the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI). In 2009, the CNMI became the final US territory to elect a nonvoting delegate to the US Congress.

Location: Oceania, islands in the North Pacific Ocean, about three-quarters of the way from Hawaii to the Philippines
Geographic coordinates: 15 12 N, 145 45 E
Map references: Oceania
Area: total: 464 sq km
land: 464 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Area - comparative: 2.5 times the size of Washington, D.C.
Land boundaries: total: 0 km
Coastline: 1,482 km
Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Climate: tropical marine; moderated by northeast trade winds, little seasonal temperature variation; dry season December to June, rainy season July to October
Terrain: the southern islands in this north-south trending archipelago are limestone, with fringing coral reefs; the northern islands are volcanic, with active volcanoes on several islands
Elevation: highest point: Agrihan Volcano 965 m
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
Natural resources: arable land, fish
Land use: agricultural land: 1.2% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 0.2% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 0.2% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 0.8% (2023 est.)
forest: 53% (2023 est.)
other: 45.9% (2023 est.)
Irrigated land: 1 sq km (2012)
Population distribution: approximately 90% of the population lives on the island of Saipan
Natural hazards: active volcanoes on Pagan and Agrihan; typhoons (especially August to November)
Geography - note: strategic location in the North Pacific Ocean

Population: total: 51,118 (2024 est.)
male: 27,044
female: 24,074
Nationality: noun: NA (US citizens)
adjective: NA
Ethnic groups: Asian 50% (includes Filipino 35.3%, Chinese 6.8%, Korean 4.2%, and other Asian 3.7%), Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander 34.9% (includes Chamorro 23.9%, Carolinian 4.6%, and other Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander 6.4%), other 2.5%, two or more ethnicities or races 12.7% (2010 est.)
Languages: Philippine languages 32.8%, Chamorro (official) 24.1%, English (official) 17%, other Pacific island languages 10.1% (includes Carolinian (official), Chinese 6.8%, other Asian languages 7.3%, other 1.9% (2010 est.)
Religions: Christian (Roman Catholic majority, although traditional beliefs and taboos may still be found)
Age structure: 0-14 years: 22.1% (male 6,066/female 5,231)
15-64 years: 67.7% (male 18,206/female 16,377)
65 years and over: 10.2% (2024 est.) (male 2,772/female 2,466)
Dependency ratios: total dependency ratio: 47.8 (2024 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 32.7 (2024 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 15.1 (2024 est.)
potential support ratio: 6.6 (2024 est.)
Median age: total: 32.6 years (2025 est.)
male: 31.8 years
female: 33.2 years
Population growth rate: -0.33% (2025 est.)
Birth rate: 15.8 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Death rate: 5.91 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Net migration rate: -13.21 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Population distribution: approximately 90% of the population lives on the island of Saipan
Urbanization: urban population: 92.1% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 0.36% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Major urban areas - population: 51,000 SAIPAN (capital) (2018)
Sex ratio: at birth: 1.17 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.16 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.11 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.12 male(s)/female
total population: 1.12 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
Infant mortality rate: total: 11.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)
male: 14.4 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 9 deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 77.1 years (2024 est.)
male: 75 years
female: 79.5 years
Total fertility rate: 2.53 children born/woman (2025 est.)
Gross reproduction rate: 1.17 (2025 est.)
Drinking water source: improved: total: total: 100% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Sanitation facility access: improved: total: total: 99.4% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 0.6% of population (2022 est.)
Currently married women (ages 15-49): 38.2% (2020 est.)

Environmental issues: contamination of groundwater on Saipan; clean-up of landfill; protection of endangered species
Climate: tropical marine; moderated by northeast trade winds, little seasonal temperature variation; dry season December to June, rainy season July to October
Land use: agricultural land: 1.2% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 0.2% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 0.2% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 0.8% (2023 est.)
forest: 53% (2023 est.)
other: 45.9% (2023 est.)
Urbanization: urban population: 92.1% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 0.36% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Waste and recycling: municipal solid waste generated annually: 32,800 tons (2024 est.)
percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 36% (2016 est.)

Country name: conventional long form: Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands
conventional short form: Northern Mariana Islands
former: Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, Mariana Islands District
abbreviation: CNMI
etymology: Spain named the islands in 1667 in honor of the Spanish Queen, MARIANA of Austria
Government type: a commonwealth in political union with and under the sovereignty of the US; republican form of government with separate executive, legislative, and judicial branches
Dependency status: commonwealth in political union with and under the sovereignty of the US; federal funds administered by the US Department of the Interior, Office of Insular Affairs
Capital: name: Saipan
geographic coordinates: 15 12 N, 145 45 E
time difference: UTC+10 (15 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
etymology: the origin of the name is unclear; it probably comes from a local word meaning "deserted" or "uninhabited," but stories vary on how it came to be used
Administrative divisions: no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US government, but 4 municipalities are considered second-order: Northern Islands, Rota, Saipan, Tinian
Legal system: the laws of the US apply, except for customs and some aspects of taxation
Constitution: history: partially effective 9 January 1978 (Constitution of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands); fully effective 4 November 1986 (Covenant Agreement)
amendment process: proposed by constitutional convention, by public petition, or by the Legislature; ratification of proposed amendments requires approval by voters at the next general election or special election; amendments proposed by constitutional convention or by petition become effective if approved by a majority of voters and at least two-thirds majority of voters in each of two senatorial districts; amendments proposed by the Legislature are effective if approved by majority vote
Citizenship: see United States
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch: chief of state: President Donald J. TRUMP (since 20 January 2025)
head of government: Governor David M. APATANG (since 24 July 2025)
cabinet: Sworn in by CNMI Chief Justice Alexandro Castro on Thursday, 24 July 2025
election/appointment process: president and vice president indirectly elected on the same ballot by an Electoral College of electors chosen from each state; president and vice president serve a 4-year term (eligible for a second term); under the US Constitution, residents of the Northern Mariana Islands do not vote in elections for US president and vice president; however, they may vote in Democratic and Republican party presidential primary elections; governor directly elected by absolute majority vote in 2 rounds, if needed
most recent election date: 8 November 2022, with a runoff held on 25 November 2022
election results: 2022: Arnold PALACIOS elected governor in second round; percent of vote in first round - Ralph TORRES (Republican) 38.8%; Arnold PALACIOS (independent) 32.2%, Tina SABLAN (Democrat) 28%; percent of vote in second round - Arnold PALACIOS 54%, Ralph TORRES 46%; David APATANG (independent) elected lieutenant governor2018: Ralph TORRES elected governor; percent of vote - Ralph TORRES (Republican) 62.2%, Juan BABAUTA (independent) 37.8%; Arnold PALACIOS elected lieutenant governor
expected date of next election: 2026
Judicial branch: highest court(s): Supreme Court of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) (consists of the chief justice and 2 associate justices); US Federal District Court (consists of 1 judge)
judge selection and term of office: CNMI Supreme Court judges appointed by the governor and confirmed by the CNMI Senate; judges appointed for 8-year terms and another term if directly elected in a popular election; US Federal District Court judges appointed by the US president and confirmed by the US Senate; judges appointed for renewable 10-year terms
subordinate courts: Superior Court
Political parties: Democratic PartyRepublican Party
Diplomatic representation from the US: embassy: none (commonwealth in political union with the US)
International organization participation: PIF (observer), SPC, UPU
Independence: none (commonwealth in political union with the US)
National holiday: Commonwealth Day, 8 January (1978)
Flag: description: blue with a five-pointed white star on a gray latte stone (a traditional foundation stone) in the center, surrounded by a mwáár or head lei (wreath)meaning: blue stands for the Pacific Ocean, the star for the Commonwealth, and the latte stone and mwáár for Marianas culture; the mwáár is made from four kinds of flowers: flores mayo (Plumeria), ylang-ylang or langilang (Cananga odorata), angagha or peacock flower (Caesalpinia pulcherrima), and teibwo or Pacific basil (Ocimum tenuiflorum)
National symbol(s): latte stone
National color(s): blue, white
National anthem(s): title: "The Star-Spangled Banner"
lyrics/music: Francis Scott KEY/John Stafford SMITH
history: official anthem, as a US commonwealth

Economic overview: US Pacific island commonwealth economy; growing Chinese and Korean tourist destination; hit hard by 2018 typhoon; dependent on energy imports; exempt from some US labor and immigration laws; longstanding garment production
Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2016: $1.242 billion (2016 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2015: $933 million (2015 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2014: $845 million (2014 est.)
Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2022: 16.6% (2022 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2021: 5% (2021 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2020: -29.1% (2020 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate): $1.096 billion (2022 est.)
Agricultural products: vegetables and melons, fruits and nuts; ornamental plants; livestock, poultry, eggs; fish and aquaculture products
Industries: tourism, banking, construction, fishing, handicrafts, other services
Budget: revenues: $389.6 million (2016 est.)
expenditures: $344 million (2015 est.)
Exports: Exports 2022: $244 million (2022 est.)
Exports 2021: $55 million (2021 est.)
Exports 2020: $128 million (2020 est.)
Exports - partners: Sweden 21%, Singapore 20%, Hong Kong 12%, UK 8%, India 7% (2023)
Exports - commodities: scrap iron, refined petroleum, scrap copper, hydraulic engines, integrated circuits (2021)
Imports: Imports 2022: $777 million (2022 est.)
Imports 2021: $666 million (2021 est.)
Imports 2020: $556 million (2020 est.)
Imports - partners: Singapore 63%, Japan 12%, Hong Kong 8%, Taiwan 4%, Philippines 3% (2023)
Imports - commodities: refined petroleum, cars, jewelry, trunks and cases, flavored water (2023)
Exchange rates: the US dollar is used

Electricity access: electrification - total population: 100% (2022 est.)

Telephones - fixed lines: total subscriptions: 20,000 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 42 (2022 est.)
Telephones - mobile cellular: total subscriptions: 20,474 (2004 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 28 (2004)
Broadcast media: 1 TV station on Saipan; multi-channel cable TV services are available on Saipan; 9 licensed radio stations (2009)
Internet country code: .mp
Internet users: percent of population: 25.1% (2021 est.)

Airports: 4 (2025)
Heliports: 7 (2025)
Ports: total ports: 3 (2024)
large: 0
medium: 0
small: 1
very small: 2
ports with oil terminals: 1
key ports: Rota, Saipan, Tinian

Military - note: defense is the responsibility of the US

Northern Mariana Islands