THE WORLD FACTBOOK — Reference Edition 2026

Background: Ancient Peru was the seat of several prominent Andean civilizations, most notably that of the Incas whose empire was captured by Spanish conquistadors in 1533. Peru declared its independence in 1821, and remaining Spanish forces were defeated in 1824. After a dozen years of military rule, Peru returned to democratic leadership in 1980 but experienced economic problems and the growth of a violent insurgency. President Alberto FUJIMORI's election in 1990 ushered in a decade that saw a dramatic turnaround in the economy and significant progress in curtailing guerrilla activity. Nevertheless, an economic slump and the president's increasing reliance on authoritarian measures in the late 1990s generated mounting dissatisfaction with his regime, which led to his resignation in 2000. A caretaker government oversaw a new election in 2001 that installed Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique as the new head of government - Peru's first democratically elected president of indigenous ethnicity. The presidential election of 2006 saw the return of Alan GARCIA Perez who, after a disappointing presidential term from 1985 to 1990, presided over a robust economic rebound. Former army officer Ollanta HUMALA Tasso was elected president in 2011 and carried on the market-oriented economic policies of the three preceding administrations. Pedro Pablo KUCZYNSKI Godard won a very narrow runoff in the 2016 presidential election. Facing impeachment after evidence surfaced of his involvement in a vote-buying scandal, KUCZYNSKI offered his resignation in 2018, and First Vice President Martin Alberto VIZCARRA Cornejo was sworn in as president. In 2019, VIZCARRA invoked his constitutional authority to dissolve Peru's Congress after months of battling with the body over anticorruption reforms. New congressional elections in 2020 resulted in an opposition-led legislature. The Congress impeached VIZCARRA for a second time and removed him from office after accusations of corruption and mishandling of the COVID-19 pandemic. Because of vacancies in the vice-presidential positions, the President of the Peruvian Congress, Manuel MERINO, became the next president. His ascension to office was not well received, and large protests forced his resignation later in 2020. Francisco SAGASTI assumed the position of President of Peru after being appointed President of the Congress the previous day. Jose Pedro CASTILLO Terrones won presidential election in 2021 but was impeached and ousted the following year; his vice president, Dina BOLUARTE, assumed the presidency by constitutional succession in 2022.

Location: Western South America, bordering the South Pacific Ocean, between Chile and Ecuador
Geographic coordinates: 10 00 S, 76 00 W
Map references: South America
Area: total: 1,285,216 sq km
land: 1,279,996 sq km
water: 5,220 sq km
Area - comparative: almost twice the size of Texas; slightly smaller than Alaska
Land boundaries: total: 7,062 km
border countries: Bolivia 1,212 km; Brazil 2,659 km; Chile 168 km; Colombia 1,494 km; Ecuador 1,529 km
Coastline: 2,414 km
Maritime claims: territorial sea: 200 nm; note: the US does not recognize this claim
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm
Climate: varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west; temperate to frigid in Andes
Terrain: western coastal plain (costa), high and rugged Andes in center (sierra), eastern lowland jungle of Amazon Basin (selva)
Elevation: highest point: Nevado Huascaran 6,746 m
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
mean elevation: 1,555 m
Natural resources: copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber, fish, iron ore, coal, phosphate, potash, hydropower, natural gas
Land use: agricultural land: 19.1% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 3.1% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 1.8% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 14.2% (2023 est.)
forest: 52.9% (2023 est.)
other: 28% (2023 est.)
Irrigated land: 25,800 sq km (2012)
Major lakes (area sq km): fresh water lake(s): Lago Titicaca (shared with Bolivia) - 8,030 sq km
Major rivers (by length in km): Amazon river source (shared with Brazil [m]) - 6,400 kmnote: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth
Major watersheds (area sq km): Atlantic Ocean drainage: Amazon (6,145,186 sq km)
Major aquifers: Amazon Basin
Population distribution: approximately one third of the population resides along the desert coastal belt in the west, with a strong focus on the capital city of Lima; the Andean highlands, or sierra, contain roughly half of the population; the eastern slopes of the Andes and adjoining rainforest are sparsely populated
Natural hazards: earthquakes, tsunamis, flooding, landslides, mild volcanic activity volcanism: volcanic activity in the Andes Mountains; Ubinas (5,672 m) is the country's most active volcano; other historically active volcanoes include El Misti, Huaynaputina, Sabancaya, and Yucamane; see note 2 under "Geography - note"
Geography - note: note 1: shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake, with Bolivia; a remote slope of Nevado Mismi, a 5,316-m (17,441-ft) peak, is the ultimate source of the Amazon River note 2: Peru is one of the countries along the Ring of Fire, which is a belt bordering the Pacific Ocean that contains about 75% of the world's volcanoes and up to 90% of the world's earthquakesnote 3: on 19 February 1600, Mount Huaynaputina in the southern Peruvian Andes erupted in the largest volcanic explosion in South America in historical times; intermittent eruptions lasted until 5 March 1600 and pumped an estimated 16 to 32 million metric tons of particulates into the atmosphere, reducing the amount of sunlight reaching the earth's surface and affecting weather worldwide; over the next two-and-a-half years, millions died around the globe in famines from bitterly cold winters, cool summers, and the loss of crops and animals

Population: total: 32,768,614 (2025 est.)
male: 16,016,448
female: 16,752,166
Nationality: noun: Peruvian(s)
adjective: Peruvian
Ethnic groups: Mestizo (mixed Indigenous and White) 60.2%, Indigenous 25.8%, White 5.9%, African descent 3.6%, other (includes Chinese and Japanese descent) 1.2%, unspecified 3.3% (2017 est.)
Languages: Languages: Spanish (official) 82.9%, Quechua (official) 13.6%, Aymara (official) 1.6%, Ashaninka 0.3%, other native languages (includes many minor Amazonian languages) 0.8%, other 0.2%, none 0.1%, unspecified 0.7% (2017 est.)
major-language sample(s): La Libreta Informativa del Mundo, la fuente indispensable de información básica. (Spanish)The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Religions: Catholic 76%, Evangelical Christian 15.7%, no religion 5.1%, other religions 3.2% (2017 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: 25.8% (male 4,293,229/female 4,119,269)
15-64 years: 66.2% (male 10,546,502/female 11,041,106)
65 years and over: 8% (2024 est.) (male 1,112,825/female 1,487,318)
Dependency ratios: total dependency ratio: 50.4 (2025 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 38.4 (2025 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 12 (2025 est.)
potential support ratio: 8.3 (2025 est.)
Median age: total: 30.4 years (2025 est.)
male: 29.1 years
female: 31.3 years
Population growth rate: 0.55% (2025 est.)
Birth rate: 16.43 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Death rate: 9.79 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Net migration rate: -1.16 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Population distribution: approximately one third of the population resides along the desert coastal belt in the west, with a strong focus on the capital city of Lima; the Andean highlands, or sierra, contain roughly half of the population; the eastern slopes of the Andes and adjoining rainforest are sparsely populated
Urbanization: urban population: 78.9% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 1.33% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Major urban areas - population: 11.204 million LIMA (capital), 959,000 Arequipa, 904,000 Trujillo (2023)
Sex ratio: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female
total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth: 21.9 years (2013 est.)
Maternal mortality ratio: 51 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Infant mortality rate: total: 10.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)
male: 11.9 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 9.7 deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 68.9 years (2024 est.)
male: 65.4 years
female: 72.7 years
Total fertility rate: 2.12 children born/woman (2025 est.)
Gross reproduction rate: 1.04 (2025 est.)
Drinking water source: improved: urban: urban: 97.5% of population (2022 est.)
improved: rural: rural: 84.9% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total: total: 94.8% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban: urban: 2.5% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural: rural: 15.1% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 5.2% of population (2022 est.)
Health expenditure: Health expenditure (as % of GDP): 6.2% of GDP (2021)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 16.7% of national budget (2022 est.)
Physician density: 1.69 physicians/1,000 population (2023)
Hospital bed density: 1.6 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)
Sanitation facility access: improved: urban: urban: 94.1% of population (2022 est.)
improved: rural: rural: 65.9% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total: total: 88.1% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban: urban: 5.9% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural: rural: 34.1% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 11.9% of population (2022 est.)
Obesity - adult prevalence rate: 19.7% (2016)
Alcohol consumption per capita: total: 5.74 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
beer: 3.01 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine: 0.46 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits: 2.26 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols: 0.01 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Tobacco use: total: 5.7% (2025 est.)
male: 9.5% (2025 est.)
female: 2.1% (2025 est.)
Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 2.7% (2023 est.)
Currently married women (ages 15-49): 52.7% (2022 est.)
Child marriage: women married by age 15: 2% (2020)
women married by age 18: 14.1% (2020)
Education expenditure: Education expenditure (% GDP): 4.2% of GDP (2023 est.)
Education expenditure (% national budget): 19.2% national budget (2024 est.)
Literacy: total population: 93.7% (2024 est.)
male: 97% (2024 est.)
female: 90.7% (2024 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): total: 15 years (2017 est.)
male: 15 years (2017 est.)
female: 15 years (2017 est.)

Environmental issues: deforestation (some the result of illegal logging); overgrazing leading to soil erosion; desertification; air pollution in Lima; pollution of rivers and coastal waters from municipal and mining wastes; overfishing
International environmental agreements: party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Climate: varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west; temperate to frigid in Andes
Land use: agricultural land: 19.1% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 3.1% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 1.8% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 14.2% (2023 est.)
forest: 52.9% (2023 est.)
other: 28% (2023 est.)
Urbanization: urban population: 78.9% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 1.33% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: total emissions: 58.903 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from coal and metallurgical coke: 2.177 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids: 34.863 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from consumed natural gas: 21.863 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Particulate matter emissions: 31.7 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Methane emissions: energy: 233.6 kt (2022-2024 est.)
agriculture: 623.5 kt (2019-2021 est.)
waste: 317 kt (2019-2021 est.)
other: 51.9 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Waste and recycling: municipal solid waste generated annually: 8.357 million tons (2024 est.)
percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 9.2% (2022 est.)
Total water withdrawal: municipal: 3.141 billion cubic meters (2022)
industrial: 1.666 billion cubic meters (2022)
agricultural: 21.112 billion cubic meters (2022)
Total renewable water resources: 1.88 trillion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Geoparks: total global geoparks and regional networks: 1
global geoparks and regional networks: Colca y Volcanes de Andagua (2023)

Country name: conventional long form: Republic of Peru
conventional short form: Peru
local long form: República del Perú
local short form: Perú
etymology: the name may derive from the Guarani word biru, meaning "river"
Government type: presidential republic
Capital: name: Lima
geographic coordinates: 12 03 S, 77 03 W
time difference: UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
etymology: the name is an early Spanish mispronunciation of the Quechua name Rimak, referring to a god and deriving from the word rima (to speak); Quechua priests used to speak to worshippers from inside statues of their gods
Administrative divisions: 24 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento), 1 province* (provincia), and 1 constitutional province** (provincia constitucional); Amazonas, Ancash, Apurimac, Arequipa, Ayacucho, Cajamarca, Callao**, Cusco, Huancavelica, Huánuco, Ica, Junín, La Libertad, Lambayeque, Lima, Lima*, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Pasco, Piura, Puno, San Martin, Tacna, Tumbes, Ucayali
Legal system: civil law system
Constitution: history: several previous; latest promulgated 29 December 1993, enacted 31 December 1993
amendment process: proposed by Congress, by the president of the republic with the approval of the Council of Ministers or by petition of at least 0.3% of voters; passage requires absolute majority approval by the Congress membership, followed by approval in a referendum; a referendum is not required if Congress approves the amendment by greater than two-thirds majority vote in each of two successive sessions
International law organization participation: accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Citizenship: citizenship by birth: yes
citizenship by descent only: yes
dual citizenship recognized: yes
residency requirement for naturalization: 2 years
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal and compulsory until the age of 70
Executive branch: chief of state: President José Enrique JERÍ Oré (since 10 October 2025)
head of government: President José Enrique JERÍ Oré (since 10 October 2025)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
election/appointment process: president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (eligible for nonconsecutive terms)
most recent election date: 11 April 2021, with a runoff on 6 June 2021
election results: 2021: Jose Pedro CASTILLO Terrones elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Jose Pedro CASTILLO Terrones (PL) 18.9%, Keiko Sofia FUJIMORI Higuchi (FP) 13.4%, Rafael LOPEZ ALIAGA Cazorla (RP) 11.8%, Hernando DE SOTO Polar (Social Integration Party) 11.6%, Yonhy LESCANO Ancieta (AP) 9.1%, Veronika MENDOZA Frisch (JP) 7.9%, Cesar ACUNA Peralta (APP) 6%, George FORSYTH Sommer (VN) 5.7%, Daniel Belizario URRESTI Elera (PP) 5.6%, other 10%; percent of vote second round - Jose Pedro CASTILLO Terrones 50.1%, Keiko Sofia FUJIMORI Higuchi 49.9%2016: Pedro Pablo KUCZYNSKI Godard elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Keiko FUJIMORI Higuchi (FP) 39.9%, Pedro Pablo KUCZYNSKI Godard (PPK) 21.1%, Veronika MENDOZA (FA) 18.7%, Alfredo BARNECHEA (AP) 7%, Alan GARCIA (APRA) 5.8%, other 7.5%; percent of vote in second round - Pedro Pablo KUCZYNSKI Godard 50.1%, Keiko FUJIMORI Higuchi 49.9%
expected date of next election: 12 April 2026
Legislative branch: legislature name: Congress of the Republic (Congreso de la República)
legislative structure: unicameral
number of seats: 130 (all directly elected)
electoral system: proportional representation
scope of elections: full renewal
term in office: 5 years
most recent election date: 4/11/2021
parties elected and seats per party: Free Peru (PL) (37); Popular Force (FP) (24); Popular Action (AP) (16); Alliance for Progress (APP) (15); Go on Country - Social Integration Party (AvP) (10); Popular Renewal (RP) (9); We Are Peru" (SP) - Purple Party (PM) (9); Other (10)
percentage of women in chamber: 41.5%
expected date of next election: April 2026
Judicial branch: highest court(s): Supreme Court (consists of 16 judges and divided into civil, criminal, and constitutional-social sectors)
judge selection and term of office: justices proposed by the National Board of Justice (a 7-member independent body), nominated by the president, and confirmed by the Congress; justices can serve until mandatory retirement at age 70
subordinate courts: Court of Constitutional Guarantees; Superior Courts or Cortes Superiores; specialized civil, criminal, and mixed courts; 2 types of peace courts in which professional judges and selected members of the local communities preside
Political parties: Advance the Nation (Avanza País) or AvPAlliance for Progress (Alianza para el Progreso) or APPBroad Front (Frente Amplio) or FAFree Peru (Perú Libre) or PLFront for Hope (Frente Esperanza)Magisterial Block of National Concentration (Bloque Magisterial de Concertación Nacional) or BMCNNational Victory (Victoria Nacional) or VNPeru Bicentennial (Perú Bicentenario) or PBPopular Action (Acción Popular) or APPopular Force (Fuerza Popular) or FPPopular Renewal (Renovación Popular) or RPPurple Party (Partido Morado)Social Integration Party (Avanza País - Partido de Integración Social)Together For Perú (Juntos por el Peru) or JPWe Are Peru (Somos Perú) of SPWe Can Peru (Podemos Perú) or PP
Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Alfredo Santiago Carlos FERRERO DIEZ CANSECO (since 27 February 2024)
chancery: 1700 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 833-9860
FAX: [1] (202) 659-8124
email address and website: Webadmin@embassyofperu.usEmbassy of Peru in the United States - E-United States - Platform of the Peruvian State (www.gob.pe)
consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Hartford (CT), Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Paterson (NJ), San Francisco
Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador-designate Bernardo NAVARRO; Chargé d’Affaires Joan PERKINS (since 18 April 2025)
embassy: Avenida La Encalada, Cuadra 17 s/n, Surco, Lima 33
mailing address: 3230 Lima Place, Washington DC 20521-3230
telephone: [51] (1) 618-2000
FAX: [51] (1) 618-2724
email address and website: lima_webmaster@state.govhttps://pe.usembassy.gov/
International organization participation: AIIB, APEC, BIS, CAN, CD, CELAC, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA, Mercosur (associate), MIGA, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, Pacific Alliance, PCA, PROSUR, SICA (observer), UN, UNAMID, UNASUR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNISFA, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNOOSA, UN Security Council (temporary), UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Independence: 28 July 1821 (from Spain)
National holiday: Independence Day, 28-29 July (1821)
Flag: description: three equal vertical bands of red (left side), white, and red, with the coat of arms centered on the white band; the coat of arms has a shield with a vicuna, a cinchona tree, and a yellow cornucopia spilling out coinsmeaning: the vicuna represents fauna, the cinchona tree is the source of quinine, and the cornucopia symbolizes mineral wealth; red stands for blood shed for independence, and white for peace
National symbol(s): vicuna (a camelid related to the llama)
National color(s): red, white
National anthem(s): title: "Himno Nacional del Peru" (National Anthem of Peru)
lyrics/music: Jose DE LA TORRE Ugarte/Jose Bernardo ALZEDO
history: adopted 1821
National heritage: total World Heritage Sites: 13 (9 cultural, 2 natural, 2 mixed)
selected World Heritage Site locales: Cuzco (c); Machu Picchu (m); Chavin (c); Historic Lima (c); Huascarán National Park (n); Chan Chan (c); Manú National Park (n); Lines and Geoglyphs of Nazca (c); Rio Abiseo National Park (m); Historic Arequipa (c); Sacred City of Caral-Supe (c); Qhapaq Ñan/Andean Road System (c)

Economic overview: upper-middle-income South American economy; strong post-COVID rebound tempered by political uncertainty and climate risks; exports driven by mineral extraction and agriculture; large informal sector and uneven access to public services; stable fiscal position and financial sector
Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024: $535.911 billion (2024 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023: $518.771 billion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022: $520.872 billion (2022 est.)
Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2024: 3.3% (2024 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2023: -0.4% (2023 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2022: 2.8% (2022 est.)
Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2024: $15,700 (2024 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2023: $15,300 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2022: $15,600 (2022 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate): $289.222 billion (2024 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024: 2% (2024 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023: 6.5% (2023 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022: 8.3% (2022 est.)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin: agriculture: 6.1% (2024 est.)
industry: 32.2% (2024 est.)
services: 52.7% (2024 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use: household consumption: 61.6% (2024 est.)
government consumption: 13.4% (2024 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 20.8% (2024 est.)
investment in inventories: -1.4% (2024 est.)
exports of goods and services: 28.5% (2024 est.)
imports of goods and services: -22.9% (2024 est.)
Agricultural products: sugarcane, potatoes, rice, bananas, milk, maize, chicken, oil palm fruit, cassava, grapes (2023)
Industries: mining and refining of minerals; steel, metal fabrication; petroleum extraction and refining, natural gas and natural gas liquefaction; fishing and fish processing, cement, glass, textiles, clothing, food processing, beer, soft drinks, rubber, machinery, electrical machinery, chemicals, furniture
Industrial production growth rate: 3.1% (2024 est.)
Labor force: 18.918 million (2024 est.)
Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2024: 4.9% (2024 est.)
Unemployment rate 2023: 4.9% (2023 est.)
Unemployment rate 2022: 3.9% (2022 est.)
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24): total: 8.8% (2024 est.)
male: 7.9% (2024 est.)
female: 9.8% (2024 est.)
Population below poverty line: 27.5% (2022 est.)
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2023: 40.7 (2023 est.)
Average household expenditures: on food: 26.9% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
on alcohol and tobacco: 2.5% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 2% (2023 est.)
highest 10%: 30.6% (2023 est.)
Remittances: Remittances 2023: 1.7% of GDP (2023 est.)
Remittances 2022: 1.5% of GDP (2022 est.)
Remittances 2021: 1.6% of GDP (2021 est.)
Budget: revenues: $48.003 billion (2021 est.)
expenditures: $55.34 billion (2021 est.)
Public debt: Public debt 2021: 35.2% of GDP (2021 est.)
Taxes and other revenues: 15.9% (of GDP) (2021 est.)
Current account balance: Current account balance 2024: $6.39 billion (2024 est.)
Current account balance 2023: $881.934 million (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2022: -$9.972 billion (2022 est.)
Exports: Exports 2024: $83.325 billion (2024 est.)
Exports 2023: $72.97 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2022: $71.39 billion (2022 est.)
Exports - partners: China 34%, USA 14%, Canada 5%, India 4%, Switzerland 4% (2023)
Exports - commodities: copper ore, gold, refined copper, refined petroleum, grapes (2023)
Imports: Imports 2024: $67.16 billion (2024 est.)
Imports 2023: $63.776 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2022: $69.936 billion (2022 est.)
Imports - partners: China 26%, USA 21%, Brazil 7%, Argentina 5%, Mexico 3% (2023)
Imports - commodities: refined petroleum, crude petroleum, cars, trucks, broadcasting equipment (2023)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024: $79.246 billion (2024 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023: $71.394 billion (2023 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022: $72.328 billion (2022 est.)
Debt - external: Debt - external 2023: $38.102 billion (2023 est.)
Exchange rates: Currency: nuevo sol (PEN) per US dollar -
Exchange rates 2023: 3.744 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates 2022: 3.835 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates 2021: 3.881 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates 2020: 3.495 (2020 est.)
Exchange rates 2019: 3.337 (2019 est.)

Electricity access: electrification - total population: 96.2% (2022 est.)
electrification - urban areas: 99%
electrification - rural areas: 85.1%
Electricity: installed generating capacity: 16.164 million kW (2023 est.)
consumption: 53.3 billion kWh (2023 est.)
imports: 47.696 million kWh (2023 est.)
transmission/distribution losses: 6.638 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources: fossil fuels: 44.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
solar: 1.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
wind: 3.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
hydroelectricity: 49.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
biomass and waste: 1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Coal: production: 1.382 million metric tons (2023 est.)
consumption: 973,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
exports: 1.261 million metric tons (2023 est.)
imports: 446,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
proven reserves: 1.567 billion metric tons (2023 est.)
Petroleum: total petroleum production: 118,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
refined petroleum consumption: 255,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
crude oil estimated reserves: 858.89 million barrels (2021 est.)
Natural gas: production: 14.647 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
consumption: 9.675 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
exports: 4.883 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
proven reserves: 300.159 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)
Energy consumption per capita: Total energy consumption per capita 2023: 30.923 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Telephones - fixed lines: total subscriptions: 1.504 million (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 4 (2023 est.)
Telephones - mobile cellular: total subscriptions: 42.6 million (2024 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 125 (2024 est.)
Broadcast media: 10 major TV networks of which only one, Television Nacional de Peru, is state owned; multi-channel cable TV services are available; in excess of 5,000 radio stations including a substantial number of local-language stations (2021)
Internet country code: .pe
Internet users: percent of population: 80% (2023 est.)
Broadband - fixed subscriptions: total: 3.53 million (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 10 (2023 est.)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: OB
Airports: 174 (2025)
Heliports: 7 (2025)
Railways: total: 1,854.4 km (2017)
standard gauge: 1,730.4 km (2014) 1.435-m gauge (34 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 124 km (2014) 0.914-m gauge
Merchant marine: total: 111 (2023)
by type: general cargo 1, oil tanker 9, other 101
Ports: total ports: 20 (2024)
large: 0
medium: 1
small: 3
very small: 16
ports with oil terminals: 16
key ports: Bahia de Matarani, Iquitos, Puerto del Callao, Talara

Military and security forces: Armed Forces of Peru (Fuerzas Armadas del Perú or FAP): Peruvian Army (Ejercito del Peru), Peruvian Navy (Marina de Guerra del Peru, MGP, includes naval infantry and General Directorate of Captaincies and Coast Guards, DICAPI), Air Force of Peru (Fuerza Aerea del Peru, FAP)Ministry of the Interior: Peruvian National Police (Policía Nacional del Perú, PNP) (2025)
Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2024: 0.8% of GDP (2024 est.)
Military Expenditures 2023: 1% of GDP (2023 est.)
Military Expenditures 2022: 1.1% of GDP (2022 est.)
Military Expenditures 2021: 1.1% of GDP (2021 est.)
Military Expenditures 2020: 1.2% of GDP (2020 est.)
Military and security service personnel strengths: information varies; approximately 85,000 active-duty Armed Forces (50,000 Army; 25,000 Navy; 10,000 Air Force); approximately 75,000 National Police (2025)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions: the military's inventory consists of mostly older or secondhand armaments originating from a range of countries, including Brazil, China, France, Germany, Italy, Russia/former Soviet Union, South Korea, Spain, and the US; Peru has a small defense industry, including a shipyard that builds and upgrades naval vessels; it also has defense industrial cooperation agreements with several countries, including Russia, South Korea, Spain, and the US (2025)
Military service age and obligation: 18-30 years of age for voluntary military service (12-24 months) (2025)
Military deployments: 225 Central African Republic (MINUSCA) (2025)
Military - note: the Peruvian Armed Forces (FAP) are responsible for external defense in addition to some domestic security responsibilities in designated emergency areas and in exceptional circumstances; key areas of focus include counterinsurgency, counternarcotics, cyber defense, disaster relief, and maritime security operations; the FAP supported the police during anti-government protests in early 2023; it has contributed to UN missions since 1958 and has ties to regional militaries, particularly Colombia, as well as those of numerous other countries such as China, Russia, Spain, and the US; the FAP’s last external conflict was a brief border war with Ecuador in 1995the Special Command of the Valley of the Apurimac, Ene, and Mantaro rivers (CE-VRAEM) is responsible for combating the remnants of the Shining Path terrorist group (aka Sendero Luminoso) and includes several thousand air, ground, naval, police, and special forces personnel; the FAP also provides aircraft, vehicles, and logistical support to the command (2025)

Space agency/agencies: National Aerospace Research and Development Commission (Comisión Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Aeroespacia, CONIDA; established 1974) (2025)
Space launch site(s): in 2024, Peru announced an initiative to develop a future spaceport in Talara (Piura department)
Space program overview: focuses on acquiring satellites, applying space applications such as data satellite imagery, and building small rockets; has built a small science/technology satellite; operates satellites and processes satellite imagery data; builds and launches sounding rockets with goal of developing a satellite/space launch vehicle (SLV); researching, developing, and acquiring technologies for manufacturing satellites and satellite payloads, including remote sensing (RS) capabilities; member of Latin American and Caribbean Space Agency (ALCE) since its formation in 2021; cooperates with a variety of foreign space agencies and industries, including those of Brazil, China, the ESA, individual ESA member states (particularly France and Germany), India, Russia, South Korea, Thailand, and the US, as well as other ALCE signatories (2025)
Key space-program milestones: 2006 - launched first sounding rocket/space probe (Paulet-1)2013 - first domestically built scientific/research satellite (PUCP-SAT-1) launched by Russia; launched first domestically built rocket (Paulet 1-B) capable of reaching the stratosphere2016 - first remote sensing satellite (PeruSat-1) acquired from France and launched on European rocket2024 - signed US-led Artemis Accords on space and lunar exploration

Terrorist group(s): Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso); Tren de Aragua (TdA)

Refugees and internally displaced persons: refugees: 546,699 (2024 est.)
IDPs: 83,441 (2024 est.)
stateless persons: 32 (2024 est.)
Illicit drugs: USG identification: major illicit drug-producing and/or drug-transit countrymajor precursor-chemical producer (2025)

Peru