THE WORLD FACTBOOK — Reference Edition 2026

Background: The principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia -- for centuries under the control of the Turkish Ottoman Empire -- secured their autonomy through the Treaty of Paris in 1856. They were de facto linked in 1859 and formally united in 1862 under the new name of Romania. The country joined the Allied Powers in World War I and subsequently acquired new territories -- most notably Transylvania -- that more than doubled its size. In 1940, Romania allied with the Axis powers and participated in the 1941 German invasion of the USSR. Three years later, overrun by the Soviets, Romania signed an armistice. The post-war Soviet occupation led to the formation of a communist "people's republic" in 1947 and the abdication of the king. The decades-long rule of dictator Nicolae CEAUSESCU, who took power in 1965, and his Securitate police state became increasingly oppressive and draconian through the 1980s. CEAUSESCU was overthrown and executed in late 1989. Former communists dominated the government until 1996 when they were swept from power. Romania joined NATO in 2004, the EU in 2007, and the Schengen Area for air and sea travel in 2024.

Location: Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Ukraine
Geographic coordinates: 46 00 N, 25 00 E
Map references: Europe
Area: total: 238,391 sq km
land: 229,891 sq km
water: 8,500 sq km
Area - comparative: twice the size of Pennsylvania; slightly smaller than Oregon
Land boundaries: total: 2,844 km
border countries: Bulgaria 605 km; Hungary 424 km; Moldova 683 km; Serbia 531 km; Ukraine 601 km
Coastline: 225 km
Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
Climate: temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms
Terrain: central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the Moldavian Plateau on the east by the Eastern Carpathian Mountains and separated from the Walachian Plain on the south by the Transylvanian Alps
Elevation: highest point: Moldoveanu 2,544 m
lowest point: Black Sea 0 m
mean elevation: 414 m
Natural resources: petroleum (reserves declining), timber, natural gas, coal, iron ore, salt, arable land, hydropower
Land use: agricultural land: 55.3% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 36.5% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 1.8% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 17% (2023 est.)
forest: 30.2% (2023 est.)
other: 14.5% (2023 est.)
Irrigated land: 5,280 sq km (2022)
Major rivers (by length in km): Dunărea (Danube) river mouth (shared with Germany [s], Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Moldova, and Ukraine) - 2,888 kmnote: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth
Major watersheds (area sq km): Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)
Population distribution: urbanization is not particularly high, and the population distribution is fairly even throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations
Natural hazards: earthquakes, most severe in south and southwest; geologic structure and climate promote landslides
Geography - note: controls the most easily traversable land route between the Balkans, Moldova, and Ukraine; the Carpathian Mountains dominate the center of the country, and the Danube River forms much of the southern boundary with Serbia and Bulgaria

Population: total: 18,148,155 (2024 est.)
male: 8,747,795
female: 9,400,360
Nationality: noun: Romanian(s)
adjective: Romanian
Ethnic groups: Romanian 89.3%, Hungarian 6%, Romani 3.4%, Ukrainian 0.3%, German 0.1%, other 0.9% (2021 est.)
Languages: Languages: Romanian (official) 91.6%, Hungarian 6.3%, Romani 1.2%, other 0.7% (2021 est.)
major-language sample(s): Cartea informativa a lumii, sursa indispensabila pentru informatii de baza. (Romanian)The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Religions: Romanian Orthodox 85.3%, Roman Catholic 4.5%, Reformed 3%, Pentecostal 2.5%, other 4.7% (2021 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: 15.4% (male 1,441,359/female 1,362,304)
15-64 years: 62% (male 5,618,366/female 5,632,718)
65 years and over: 22.6% (2024 est.) (male 1,688,070/female 2,405,338)
Dependency ratios: total dependency ratio: 61.3 (2024 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 24.9 (2024 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 36.4 (2024 est.)
potential support ratio: 2.7 (2024 est.)
Median age: total: 45.8 years (2025 est.)
male: 44 years
female: 46.9 years
Population growth rate: -0.86% (2025 est.)
Birth rate: 8.45 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Death rate: 14.28 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Net migration rate: -2.81 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Population distribution: urbanization is not particularly high, and the population distribution is fairly even throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations
Urbanization: urban population: 54.7% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: -0.15% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Major urban areas - population: 1.776 million BUCHAREST (capital) (2023)
Sex ratio: at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female
total population: 0.93 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth: 27.1 years (2020 est.)
Maternal mortality ratio: 12 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Infant mortality rate: total: 5.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)
male: 5.8 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 5.2 deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 76.9 years (2024 est.)
male: 73.4 years
female: 80.5 years
Total fertility rate: 1.63 children born/woman (2025 est.)
Gross reproduction rate: 0.79 (2025 est.)
Drinking water source: improved: urban: urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)
improved: rural: rural: 100% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total: total: 100% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban: urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural: rural: 0% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Health expenditure: Health expenditure (as % of GDP): 6.5% of GDP (2021)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 11.2% of national budget (2022 est.)
Physician density: 3.63 physicians/1,000 population (2022)
Hospital bed density: 7.1 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)
Sanitation facility access: improved: urban: urban: 97.5% of population (2022 est.)
improved: rural: rural: 77.9% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total: total: 88.5% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban: urban: 2.5% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural: rural: 22.1% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 11.5% of population (2022 est.)
Obesity - adult prevalence rate: 22.5% (2016)
Alcohol consumption per capita: total: 10.96 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
beer: 5.33 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine: 3.38 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits: 2.25 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Tobacco use: total: 26.7% (2025 est.)
male: 36.2% (2025 est.)
female: 17.9% (2025 est.)
Currently married women (ages 15-49): 56% (2021 est.)
Child marriage: women married by age 15: 0.5% (2021)
women married by age 18: 6.9% (2021)
Education expenditure: Education expenditure (% GDP): 3.3% of GDP (2022 est.)
Education expenditure (% national budget): 8.8% national budget (2022 est.)
Literacy: total population: 99.2% (2021 est.)
male: 99% (2021 est.)
female: 99.3% (2021 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): total: 14 years (2023 est.)
male: 13 years (2023 est.)
female: 14 years (2023 est.)

Environmental issues: soil erosion, degradation, and desertification; water pollution; air pollution in south from industrial effluents; contamination of Danube delta wetlands
International environmental agreements: party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Climate: temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms
Land use: agricultural land: 55.3% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 36.5% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 1.8% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 17% (2023 est.)
forest: 30.2% (2023 est.)
other: 14.5% (2023 est.)
Urbanization: urban population: 54.7% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: -0.15% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: total emissions: 61.416 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from coal and metallurgical coke: 13.07 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids: 30.902 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from consumed natural gas: 17.444 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Particulate matter emissions: 14.6 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Methane emissions: energy: 325.6 kt (2022-2024 est.)
agriculture: 355.4 kt (2019-2021 est.)
waste: 247.7 kt (2019-2021 est.)
other: 11.8 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Waste and recycling: municipal solid waste generated annually: 5.42 million tons (2024 est.)
percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 13% (2022 est.)
Total water withdrawal: municipal: 1.256 billion cubic meters (2022)
industrial: 3.94 billion cubic meters (2022)
agricultural: 2.955 billion cubic meters (2022)
Total renewable water resources: 212.01 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Geoparks: total global geoparks and regional networks: 2
global geoparks and regional networks: Buzău; Haţeg (2023)

Country name: conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Romania
local long form: none
local short form: Romania
former: Kingdom of Romania, Romanian People's Republic, Socialist Republic of Romania
etymology: the name derives from the Latin Romani, meaning "people from Rome;" the area was an outpost of the Roman Empire in the 2nd century A.D., and the current name was adopted when Moldavia and Wallachia merged in 1861
Government type: semi-presidential republic
Capital: name: Bucharest
geographic coordinates: 44 26 N, 26 06 E
time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
etymology: the name is said to come from a shepherd named Bucur who is reputed to have founded the town in 1457, but a settlement probably already existed on the site; the name may come from the personal name of an early landowner
Administrative divisions: 41 counties (judete, singular - judet) and 1 municipality* (municipiu); Alba, Arad, Arges, Bacau, Bihor, Bistrita-Nasaud, Botosani, Braila, Brasov, Bucuresti (Bucharest)*, Buzau, Calarasi, Caras-Severin, Cluj, Constanta, Covasna, Dambovita, Dolj, Galati, Gorj, Giurgiu, Harghita, Hunedoara, Ialomita, Iasi, Ilfov, Maramures, Mehedinti, Mures, Neamt, Olt, Prahova, Salaj, Satu Mare, Sibiu, Suceava, Teleorman, Timis, Tulcea, Vaslui, Valcea, Vrancea
Legal system: civil law system
Constitution: history: several previous; latest adopted 21 November 1991, approved by referendum and effective 8 December 1991
amendment process: initiated by the president of Romania through a proposal by the government, by at least one fourth of deputies or senators in Parliament, or by petition of eligible voters representing at least half of Romania’s counties; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by both chambers or – if mediation is required - by three-fourths majority vote in a joint session, followed by approval in a referendum; articles, including those on national sovereignty, form of government, political pluralism, and fundamental rights and freedoms cannot be amended
International law organization participation: accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Citizenship: citizenship by birth: no
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Romania
dual citizenship recognized: yes
residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch: chief of state: President Nicușor DAN (since 26 May 2025)
head of government: Prime Minister Ilie BOLOJAN (since 23 June 2005)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister
election/appointment process: president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); prime minister appointed by the president with consent of Parliament
most recent election date: 18 May 2025
election results: 2025: Nicușor DAN elected president in runoff; percent of vote - Nicușor DAN (unaffiliated) 53.6%, George SIMION (AUR) 46.4%2019: Klaus IOHANNIS reelected president in second round; percent of vote - Klaus IOHANNIS (PNL) 66.1%, Viorica DANCILA (PSD) 33.9%
expected date of next election: 2030
Legislative branch: legislature name: Parliament of Romania (Parlamentul României)
legislative structure: bicameral
Legislative branch - lower chamber: chamber name: Chamber of Deputies (Camera Deputatilor)
number of seats: 331 (all directly elected)
electoral system: proportional representation
scope of elections: full renewal
term in office: 4 years
most recent election date: 12/1/2024
parties elected and seats per party: Social Democratic Party (PSD) (86); Alliance for the Union of Romanians (AUR) (63); National Liberal Party (PNL) (49); Save Romania Union (USR) (40); S.O.S. Romania (28); Party of Young People (POT) (24); Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania (UDMR) (22)
percentage of women in chamber: 22.4%
expected date of next election: November 2028
Legislative branch - upper chamber: chamber name: Senate (Senatul)
number of seats: 136 (all directly elected)
electoral system: proportional representation
scope of elections: full renewal
term in office: 4 years
most recent election date: 12/1/2024
parties elected and seats per party: Social Democratic Party (PSD) (36); Alliance for the Union of Romanians (AUR) (28); National Liberal Party (PNL) (22); Save Romania Union (USR) (19); S.O.S. Romania (12); Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania (UDMR) (10); Party of Young People (POT) (7)
percentage of women in chamber: 20.9%
expected date of next election: November 2028
Judicial branch: highest court(s): High Court of Cassation and Justice (consists of 111 judges organized into civil, penal, commercial, contentious administrative and fiscal business, and joint sections); Supreme Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members)
judge selection and term of office: High Court of Cassation and Justice judges appointed by the president upon nomination by the Superior Council of Magistracy, a 19-member body of judges, prosecutors, and law specialists; judges appointed for 6-year renewable terms; Constitutional Court members - 6 elected by Parliament and 3 appointed by the president; members serve 9-year, nonrenewable terms
subordinate courts: Courts of Appeal; regional tribunals; first instance courts; military and arbitration courts
Political parties: Alliance for the Fatherland or APP Alliance for the Unity of Romanians or AURChristian-Democratic National Peasants' Party or PNT-CD Civic Hungarian PartyDemocratic Union of Hungarians in Romania or UDMR Ecologist Party of Romania or PER Force of the Right or FD Greater Romania Party or PRM Green PartyNational Liberal Party or PNLPopular Movement Party or PMP PRO Romania or PRORomanian Nationhood Party or PNR Save Romania Union Party or USR Social Democratic Party or PSD Social Liberal Humanist Party or PUSL (formerly Humanist Power Party (Social-Liberal) or PPU-SL)S.O.S. Romania The Right Alternative or AD United Romania Party or PRU We are Renewing the European Project in Romania or REPER
Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Dan-Andrei MURARU (since 15 September 2021)
chancery: 1607 23rd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 332-4829
FAX: [1] (202) 232-4748
email address and website: washington@mae.rohttps://washington.mae.ro/en
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Los Angeles, Miami, New York
Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d'Affaires Michael L. DICKERSON (since 20 May 2025)
embassy: 4-6, Dr. Liviu Librescu Blvd., District 1, Bucharest, 015118
mailing address: 5260 Bucharest Place, Washington, DC 20521-5260
telephone: [40] (21) 200-3300
FAX: [40] (21) 200-3442
email address and website: ACSBucharest@state.govhttps://ro.usembassy.gov/
International organization participation: Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, ESA, EU, FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MONUSCO, NATO, NSG, OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNOOSA,UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Independence: 9 May 1877 (independence proclaimed from the Ottoman Empire; 13 July 1878 (independence recognized by the Treaty of Berlin); 26 March 1881 (kingdom proclaimed); 30 December 1947 (republic proclaimed)
National holiday: Unification Day (unification of Romania and Transylvania), 1 December (1918)
Flag: description: three equal vertical bands of blue (left side), yellow, and redmeaning: the colors come from the principalities of Walachia (red and yellow) and Moldavia (red and blue), which united in 1862 to form Romaniahistory: modeled on the French flag; the national coat of arms that used to be centered on the yellow band has been removed
National symbol(s): golden eagle
National color(s): blue, yellow, red
National anthem(s): title: "Desteapta-te romane!" (Wake up, Romanian!)
lyrics/music: Andrei MURESIANU/Anton PANN
history: adopted 1990; the anthem was written during the 1848 Revolution
National heritage: total World Heritage Sites: 11 (9 cultural, 2 natural)
selected World Heritage Site locales: Danube Delta (n); Churches of Moldavia (c); Monastery of Horezu (c); Villages with Fortified Churches in Transylvania (c); Dacian Fortresses of the Orastie Mountains (c); Historic Center of Sighişoara (c); Wooden Churches of Maramureş (c); Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe (n); Roșia Montană Mining Landscape (c); Brâncuși Monumental Ensemble of Târgu Jiu (c); Frontiers of the Roman Empire – Dacia (c)

Economic overview: high-income, EU-member economy; euro membership delayed over macroeconomic indicators; persistent inflation, but consumption and EU-funded investments driving recovery; skilled labor shortage; high public debt and budget deficit; challenges include fiscal sustainability and political instability
Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024: $774.376 billion (2024 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023: $768.126 billion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022: $750.091 billion (2022 est.)
Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2024: 0.8% (2024 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2023: 2.4% (2023 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2022: 4% (2022 est.)
Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2024: $40,600 (2024 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2023: $40,300 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2022: $39,400 (2022 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate): $382.768 billion (2024 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024: 5.7% (2024 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023: 10.4% (2023 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022: 13.8% (2022 est.)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin: agriculture: 3.3% (2024 est.)
industry: 25% (2024 est.)
services: 62.5% (2024 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use: household consumption: 63.5% (2024 est.)
government consumption: 18.3% (2024 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 25.7% (2024 est.)
investment in inventories: -1.4% (2024 est.)
exports of goods and services: 35.6% (2024 est.)
imports of goods and services: -41.7% (2024 est.)
Agricultural products: wheat, maize, milk, sunflower seeds, barley, rapeseed, potatoes, grapes, plums, apples (2023)
Industries: electric machinery and equipment, auto assembly, textiles and footwear, light machinery, metallurgy, chemicals, food processing, petroleum refining, mining, timber, construction materials
Industrial production growth rate: -0.9% (2024 est.)
Labor force: 8.263 million (2024 est.)
Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2024: 5.4% (2024 est.)
Unemployment rate 2023: 5.6% (2023 est.)
Unemployment rate 2022: 5.7% (2022 est.)
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24): total: 21.3% (2024 est.)
male: 21.1% (2024 est.)
female: 21.8% (2024 est.)
Population below poverty line: 21.1% (2022 est.)
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2022: 32.3 (2022 est.)
Average household expenditures: on food: 25.1% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
on alcohol and tobacco: 6.1% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 1.9% (2022 est.)
highest 10%: 22.6% (2022 est.)
Remittances: Remittances 2024: 2.5% of GDP (2024 est.)
Remittances 2023: 2.8% of GDP (2023 est.)
Remittances 2022: 3% of GDP (2022 est.)
Budget: revenues: $93.691 billion (2022 est.)
expenditures: $112.799 billion (2022 est.)
Public debt: Public debt 2022: 50.9% of GDP (2022 est.)
Taxes and other revenues: 16.2% (of GDP) (2022 est.)
Current account balance: Current account balance 2024: -$31.988 billion (2024 est.)
Current account balance 2023: -$24.461 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2022: -$27.326 billion (2022 est.)
Exports: Exports 2024: $136.253 billion (2024 est.)
Exports 2023: $136.488 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2022: $129.286 billion (2022 est.)
Exports - partners: Germany 19%, Italy 10%, France 6%, UK 5%, Hungary 4% (2023)
Exports - commodities: cars, vehicle parts/accessories, insulated wire, garments, wheat (2023)
Imports: Imports 2024: $159.575 billion (2024 est.)
Imports 2023: $153.427 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2022: $149.209 billion (2022 est.)
Imports - partners: Germany 19%, Italy 8%, Hungary 6%, Poland 6%, China 6% (2023)
Imports - commodities: vehicle parts/accessories, packaged medicine, cars, crude petroleum, plastic products (2023)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024: $73.391 billion (2024 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023: $73 billion (2023 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022: $55.81 billion (2022 est.)
Exchange rates: Currency: lei (RON) per US dollar -
Exchange rates 2024: 4.598 (2024 est.)
Exchange rates 2023: 4.574 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates 2022: 4.688 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates 2021: 4.16 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates 2020: 4.244 (2020 est.)

Electricity access: electrification - total population: 100% (2022 est.)
Electricity: installed generating capacity: 19.748 million kW (2023 est.)
consumption: 48.73 billion kWh (2023 est.)
exports: 13.106 billion kWh (2023 est.)
imports: 10.088 billion kWh (2023 est.)
transmission/distribution losses: 5.817 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources: fossil fuels: 32.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
nuclear: 18% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
solar: 3.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
wind: 13% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
hydroelectricity: 32.5% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
biomass and waste: 0.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Nuclear energy: Number of operational nuclear reactors: 2 (2025)
Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors: 1.3GW (2025 est.)
Percent of total electricity production: 18.9% (2023 est.)
Coal: production: 14.752 million metric tons (2023 est.)
consumption: 15.533 million metric tons (2023 est.)
exports: 290,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
imports: 736,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
proven reserves: 291 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Petroleum: total petroleum production: 67,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
refined petroleum consumption: 220,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
crude oil estimated reserves: 600 million barrels (2021 est.)
Natural gas: production: 9.632 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
consumption: 9.395 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
exports: 2.231 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
imports: 2.793 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
proven reserves: 105.48 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)
Energy consumption per capita: Total energy consumption per capita 2023: 59.377 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Telephones - fixed lines: total subscriptions: 1.96 million (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 10 (2023 est.)
Telephones - mobile cellular: total subscriptions: 23.2 million (2022 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 118 (2022 est.)
Broadcast media: a mixture of public and private TV stations; 7 public (2 national, 5 regional) and 187 private TV stations using terrestrial broadcasting, plus 11 public and 86 private TV stations using satellite broadcasting; state-owned public radio broadcaster operates 4 national networks, as well as regional and local stations; 502 private radio stations using terrestrial broadcasting, and 26 using satellite broadcasting
Internet country code: .ro
Internet users: percent of population: 89% (2023 est.)
Broadband - fixed subscriptions: total: 6.63 million (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 35 (2023 est.)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: YR
Airports: 103 (2025)
Heliports: 24 (2025)
Railways: total: 10,628 km (2020) 4,030 km electrified
Merchant marine: total: 127 (2023)
by type: general cargo 9, oil tanker 7, other 111
Ports: total ports: 11 (2024)
large: 0
medium: 2
small: 1
very small: 8
ports with oil terminals: 4
key ports: Basarabi, Braila, Cernavoda, Constanta, Danube-Black Sea Canal, Galati, Mangalia, Medgidia, Midia, Sulina, Tulcea

Military and security forces: Romanian Armed Forces (Forțele Armate Române or Armata Română): Romanian Land Forces, Romanian Naval Forces, Romanian Air ForceMinistry of Internal Affairs: Romanian Police, Romanian Gendarmerie, Romanian Border Police (2025)
Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2025: 2.3% of GDP (2025 est.)
Military Expenditures 2024: 2.2% of GDP (2024 est.)
Military Expenditures 2023: 1.6% of GDP (2023 est.)
Military Expenditures 2022: 1.8% of GDP (2022 est.)
Military Expenditures 2021: 1.9% of GDP (2021 est.)
Military and security service personnel strengths: approximately 70,000 active Armed Forces (2025)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions: the military's inventory includes a considerable amount of Soviet-era and older domestically produced weapons systems, although in recent years Romania has launched an effort to acquire more modern and NATO-standard equipment from European countries and the US, including aircraft and armored vehicles (2025)
Military service age and obligation: typically 18-35 years of age for voluntary service for men and women; compulsory service ended in 2007 (2025)
Military deployments: 470 Bosnia Herzegovina (EUFOR); 200 Kosovo (KFOR/NATO); up to 120 Poland (NATO); Romania also has small numbers of military personnel deployed on other international missions under the EU, NATO, and UN (2025)
Military - note: the Romanian Armed Forces are responsible for territorial defense, fulfilling the country's commitments to European security, and contributing to multinational peacekeeping operations; the military has a variety of concerns, including Russian aggression against Ukraine, Russia's activities in the Black Sea and in Moldova, cyber attacks, hybrid threats, and terrorism; a key focus for the military is equipment modernizationRomania joined NATO in 2004, and its membership forms a key pillar of the country’s defense policy; it hosts a NATO multinational divisional headquarters (Multinational Division Southeast) and a French-led ground force battlegroup as part of NATO's Enhanced Forward Presence initiative in the southeastern part of the Alliance, which came about in response to Russia’s 2022 invasion of Ukraine; NATO allies have also sent detachments of fighters to augment the Romanian Air Force since 2014 because of aggressive Russian activity in the Black Sea region; the Romanian military trains with NATO and its member states and has participated in NATO- and EU-led multinational missions in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, and Poland; it also participates in UN peacekeeping missions (2025)

Space agency/agencies: Romanian Space Agency (Agentia Spatiala Romania, ROSA; established 1991) (2025)
Space program overview: develops and produces a range of capabilities and technologies, including satellites, satellite launch vehicles, remote sensing, human space flight, navigation, and telecommunications; program is integrated into the ESA; participates in EU and international space programs; works with a variety of foreign space agencies and commercial space entities, including those of Azerbaijan, China, Japan, Russia, and the US; also works bilaterally with ESA member states, particularly Bulgaria, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy; has an active space-industry sector with over 50 entities (2025)
Key space-program milestones: 1967-1968 - began participating in Soviet Intercosmos program and established the Romanian Commission for Space Activities to coordinate national space activities1981 - first Romanian in space on Soviet spacecraft2010 - domestically developed commercial rocket launched to an altitude of 40,000 m (24.9 mi)2012 - first domestically produced scientific/experimental microsatellite (Goliat) launched (failed to operate)2022 - joined US-led Artemis Accords for space exploration 2023 - digital amateur-radio-repeater microsatellite (ROM-2) launched on US commercial rocket

Terrorist group(s): Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)

Refugees and internally displaced persons: refugees: 184,991 (2024 est.)
stateless persons: 297 (2024 est.)

Romania