San Marino

Most Serene Republic of San Marino

LOCATION

Background: Geographically the third-smallest state in Europe (after the Holy See and Monaco), San Marino also claims to be the world's oldest republic. According to tradition, it was founded by a Christian stonemason named MARINUS in A.D. 301. San Marino's foreign policy is aligned with that of the EU, although it is not a member. San Marino is negotiating an Association Agreement that is expected to allow participation in the EU’s internal market and cooperation in other policy areas by late 2024. Social and political trends in the republic track closely with those of its larger neighbor, Italy.

Location: Southern Europe, an enclave in central Italy
Geographic coordinates: 43 46 N, 12 25 E
Map references: Europe
Area: total: 61 sq km
land: 61 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Area - comparative: about one-third the size of Washington, D.C.
Land boundaries: total: 37 km
border countries: Italy 37 km
Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims: none (landlocked)
Climate: Mediterranean; mild to cool winters; warm, sunny summers
Terrain: rugged mountains
Elevation: highest point: Monte Titano 739 m
lowest point: Torrente Ausa 55 m
Natural resources: building stone
Land use: agricultural land: 38.3% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 33.1% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 5.2% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 0% (2022 est.)
forest: 16.7% (2023 est.)
other: 45% (2023 est.)
Irrigated land: 0 sq km (2022)
Natural hazards: occasional earthquakes
Geography - note: landlocked; an enclave of (completely surrounded by) Italy; smallest independent state in Europe after the Holy See and Monaco; dominated by the Apennine Mountains

Population: total: 35,291 (2025 est.)
male: 17,035
female: 18,256
Nationality: noun: Sammarinese (singular and plural)
adjective: Sammarinese
Ethnic groups: Sammarinese, Italian
Languages: Languages: Italian
major-language sample(s): L'Almanacco dei fatti del mondo, l'indispensabile fonte per le informazioni di base. (Italian)The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Religions: Roman Catholic
Age structure: 0-14 years: 14.2% (male 2,614/female 2,387)
15-64 years: 64.3% (male 10,916/female 11,648)
65 years and over: 21.5% (2024 est.) (male 3,414/female 4,116)
Dependency ratios: total dependency ratio: 56.5 (2025 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 22.2 (2025 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 34.3 (2025 est.)
potential support ratio: 2.9 (2025 est.)
Median age: total: 46.3 years (2025 est.)
male: 44.5 years
female: 47.4 years
Population growth rate: 0.55% (2025 est.)
Birth rate: 9.04 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Death rate: 8.9 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Net migration rate: 5.36 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Urbanization: urban population: 97.8% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 0.41% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Major urban areas - population: 4,000 SAN MARINO (2018)
Sex ratio: at birth: 1.09 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.1 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.83 male(s)/female
total population: 0.93 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth: 31.9 years (2019)
Maternal mortality ratio: 8 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Infant mortality rate: total: 6.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)
male: 7.4 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 5 deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 84.2 years (2024 est.)
male: 81.7 years
female: 87 years
Total fertility rate: 1.54 children born/woman (2025 est.)
Gross reproduction rate: 0.74 (2025 est.)
Drinking water source: improved: total: total: 100% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Health expenditure: Health expenditure (as % of GDP): 8% of GDP (2021)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 29.5% of national budget (2022 est.)
Physician density: 4.63 physicians/1,000 population (2023)
Sanitation facility access: improved: total: total: 100% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Education expenditure: Education expenditure (% GDP): 2.9% of GDP (2022 est.)
Education expenditure (% national budget): 13% national budget (2023 est.)
Literacy: total population: 99.9% (2022 est.)
male: 99.9% (2022 est.)
female: 99.9% (2022 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): total: 16 years (2015 est.)
male: 15 years (2015 est.)
female: 16 years (2015 est.)

Environmental issues: air pollution; urbanization decreasing rural farmlands; water shortage
International environmental agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution
Climate: Mediterranean; mild to cool winters; warm, sunny summers
Land use: agricultural land: 38.3% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 33.1% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 5.2% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 0% (2022 est.)
forest: 16.7% (2023 est.)
other: 45% (2023 est.)
Urbanization: urban population: 97.8% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 0.41% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Particulate matter emissions: 9.8 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Waste and recycling: municipal solid waste generated annually: 17,200 tons (2024 est.)
percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 45.1% (2016 est.)

Country name: conventional long form: Republic of San Marino
conventional short form: San Marino
local long form: Repubblica di San Marino
local short form: San Marino
etymology: named after Saint MARINUS, who founded a monastic settlement on Monte Titano in the early 4th century
Government type: parliamentary republic
Capital: name: San Marino (city)
geographic coordinates: 43 56 N, 12 25 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
etymology: named after Saint MARINUS, who founded a monastic settlement on Monte Titano in the early 4th century
Administrative divisions: 9 municipalities (castelli, singular - castello); Acquaviva, Borgo Maggiore, Chiesanuova, Domagnano, Faetano, Fiorentino, Montegiardino, San Marino Citta, Serravalle
Legal system: civil law system with Italian civil law influences
Constitution: history: San Marino’s principal legislative instruments consist of old customs (antiche consuetudini), the Statutory Laws of San Marino (Leges Statutae Sancti Marini), old statutes (antichi statute) from the1600s, Brief Notes on the Constitutional Order and Institutional Organs of the Republic of San Marino (Brevi Cenni sull’Ordinamento Costituzionale e gli Organi Istituzionali della Repubblica di San Marino) and successive legislation, chief among them is the Declaration of the Rights of Citizens and Fundamental Principles of the San Marino Legal Order (Dichiarazione dei Diritti dei Cittadini e dei Principi Fondamentali dell’Ordinamento Sammarinese), approved 8 July 1974
amendment process: proposed by the Great and General Council; passage requires two-thirds majority Council vote; Council passage by absolute majority vote also requires passage in a referendum
International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Citizenship: citizenship by birth: no
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of San Marino
dual citizenship recognized: no
residency requirement for naturalization: 30 years
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch: chief of state: co-chiefs of state Captains Regent Matteo ROSSI and Lorenzo BUGLI (for the period 1 October 2025 - 31 March 2026)
head of government: Secretary of State for Foreign and Political Affairs Luca BECCARI (since 8 January 2020)
cabinet: Congress of State elected by the Grand and General Council
election/appointment process: co-chiefs of state (captains regent) indirectly elected by the Grand and General Council for a single 6-month term; Secretary of State for Foreign and Political Affairs indirectly elected by the Grand and General Council for a single 5-year term
most recent election date: co-chiefs of state: 1 April 2025secretary of state: 28 December 2019
election results: 2025: Denise BRONZETTI (Reformist Alliance) and Italo RIGHI (Christian Democrat) elected captains regent: percent of Grand and General Council vote - NA2024: Francesca CIVERCHIA (PDCS) and Dalibor RICCARDI (Free San Marino) elected captains regent; percent of Grand and General Council vote - NA2019: Luca BECCARI (PDCS) elected Secretary of State for Foreign and Political Affairs; percent of Grand and General Council vote - NA
expected date of next election: co-chiefs of state: September 2025
Legislative branch: legislature name: Great and General Council (Consiglio grande e generale)
legislative structure: unicameral
number of seats: 60 (all directly elected)
electoral system: proportional representation
scope of elections: full renewal
term in office: 5 years
most recent election date: 6/9/2024
parties elected and seats per party: Christian Democratic Party of San Marino (PDCS) (22); Free (Libera) – Socialist Party (PS) (10); Future Republic (RF) (8); Party of Socialists and Democrats (PSD) (8); Tomorrow - Motus Liberi (5); Reformist Alliance (AR) (4); R.E.T.E. Citizens' Movement (3)
percentage of women in chamber: 35%
expected date of next election: June 2029
Judicial branch: highest court(s): Council of Twelve or Consiglio dei XII (consists of 12 members)
judge selection and term of office: judges elected by the Grand and General Council from among its own to serve 5-year terms
subordinate courts: first instance and first appeal criminal, administrative, and civil courts; Court for the Trust and Trustee Relations; justices of the peace or conciliatory judges
Political parties: Domani - Modus Liberi or DML Free San Marino (Libera San Marino) or Libera Future Republic or RF Party of Socialists and Democrats or PSD Reformist Alliance or AR RETE Movement Sammarinese Christian Democratic Party or PDCS Socialist Party or PS Tomorrow in Movement coalition (includes RETE Movement, DML)
Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Damiano BELEFFI (since 21 July 2017); note - also Permanent Representative to the UN
chancery: 327 E 50th Street, New York, NY 10022
telephone: [1] (212) 751-1234
FAX: [1] (212) 751-1436
email address and website: sanmarinoun@gmail.comRepublic of San Marino Permanent Mission to the United Nations
Diplomatic representation from the US: embassy: the United States does not have an Embassy in San Marino; the US Ambassador to Italy is accredited to San Marino, and the US Consulate General in Florence maintains day-to-day ties
International organization participation: CE, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), OPCW, OSCE, Schengen Convention (de facto member), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, Union Latina, UNWTO, UPU, WHO, WIPO
Independence: 3 September 301 (traditional founding date)
National holiday: Founding of the Republic (or Feast of Saint Marinus), 3 September (A.D. 301)
Flag: description: two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and light blue, with the national coat of arms in the center; the main colors come from the shield on the coat of arms, which features three white towers on mountain peaks on a blue field; a wreath and a crown are around the shield, above a scroll with the word LIBERTAS (Liberty)meaning: the towers represent the Guaita, Cesta, and Montale castles on Mount Titano; white and blue are said to stand for peace and liberty
National symbol(s): three peaks, each displaying a tower
National color(s): white, blue
National anthem(s): title: "Inno Nazionale della Repubblica" (National Anthem of the Republic)
lyrics/music: no lyrics/Federico CONSOLO
history: adopted 1894; the music for the anthem, which has no lyrics, is based on a 10th-century chorale piece
National heritage: total World Heritage Sites: 1 (cultural)
selected World Heritage Site locales: San Marino Historic Center and Mount Titano

Economic overview: high-income, non-EU European economy; surrounded by Italy, which is the dominant importer and exporter; open border to EU and a euro user; strong financial sector; high foreign investments; low taxation; increasingly high and risky debt
Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022: $2.393 billion (2022 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021: $2.218 billion (2021 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020: $1.947 billion (2020 est.)
Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2022: 7.9% (2022 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2021: 13.9% (2021 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2020: -6.6% (2020 est.)
Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2022: $70,900 (2022 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2021: $64,700 (2021 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2020: $56,000 (2020 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate): $1.832 billion (2022 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024: 1.2% (2024 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023: 5.9% (2023 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022: 5.3% (2022 est.)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin: agriculture: 0% (2022 est.)
industry: 37.6% (2022 est.)
services: 55.1% (2022 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use: household consumption: 35.5% (2022 est.)
government consumption: 17.1% (2022 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 17.8% (2022 est.)
investment in inventories: 5.2% (2022 est.)
exports of goods and services: 197.4% (2022 est.)
imports of goods and services: -173% (2022 est.)
Agricultural products: wheat, grapes, corn, olives; cattle, pigs, horses, beef, cheese, hides
Industries: tourism, banking, textiles, electronics, ceramics, cement, wine
Industrial production growth rate: 10.7% (2022 est.)
Remittances: Remittances 2022: 1.2% of GDP (2022 est.)
Remittances 2021: 1.1% of GDP (2021 est.)
Remittances 2020: 1.1% of GDP (2020 est.)
Budget: revenues: $841.03 million (2023 est.)
expenditures: $816.886 million (2023 est.)
Public debt: Public debt 2022: 103.2% of GDP (2022 est.)
Taxes and other revenues: 17.8% (of GDP) (2022 est.)
Current account balance: Current account balance 2022: $284.256 million (2022 est.)
Current account balance 2021: $100.118 million (2021 est.)
Current account balance 2020: $42.98 million (2020 est.)
Exports: Exports 2022: $3.616 billion (2022 est.)
Exports 2021: $3.23 billion (2021 est.)
Exports 2020: $2.439 billion (2020 est.)
Exports - partners: Germany 12%, Austria 10%, USA 9%, Romania 8%, Brazil 7% (2023)
Exports - commodities: washing and bottling machines, other foods, packaged medicine, woodworking machines, aircraft (2023)
Imports: Imports 2022: $3.169 billion (2022 est.)
Imports 2021: $2.94 billion (2021 est.)
Imports 2020: $2.232 billion (2020 est.)
Imports - partners: Germany 24%, Italy 13%, Netherlands 9%, Spain 9%, Poland 8% (2023)
Imports - commodities: garments, cars, electricity, animal food, footwear (2023)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023: $836.088 million (2023 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022: $716.066 million (2022 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2021: $954.383 million (2021 est.)
Exchange rates: Currency: euros (EUR) per US dollar -
Exchange rates 2024: 0.924 (2024 est.)
Exchange rates 2023: 0.925 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates 2022: 0.951 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates 2021: 0.845 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates 2020: 0.877 (2020 est.)

Electricity access: electrification - total population: 100% (2022 est.)

Telephones - fixed lines: total subscriptions: 16,000 (2022 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 47 (2022 est.)
Telephones - mobile cellular: total subscriptions: 41,000 (2022 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 120 (2022 est.)
Broadcast media: state-owned public broadcaster operates 1 TV station and 3 radio stations; receives radio and TV broadcasts from Italy (2019)
Internet country code: .sm
Internet users: percent of population: 87% (2023 est.)
Broadband - fixed subscriptions: total: 12,000 (2022 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 36 (2022 est.)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: T7
Airports: 1 (2025)

Military and security forces: San Marino Military Corps (Corpi Militari Sammarinesi; aka Sammarinese Armed Forces or Forze Armate Sammarinesi): Fortress Guard Command (or Guard of the Rock), Uniformed Company of the Militias, Guard of the Great and General Council, Corps of the GendarmerieMinistry of Internal Affairs: Civil Police Corps (2025)
Military service age and obligation: 18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; no conscription; government has the authority to call up all San Marino citizens from 16-60 years of age to serve in the military (2025)
Military - note: defense is the responsibility of Italy