THE WORLD FACTBOOK — Reference Edition 2026

Background: Uzbekistan is the geographic and population center of Central Asia, with a diverse economy and a relatively young population. Russia conquered and united the disparate territories of present-day Uzbekistan in the late 19th century. Stiff resistance to the Red Army after the Bolshevik Revolution was eventually suppressed and a socialist republic established in 1924. During the Soviet era, intensive production of "white gold" (cotton) and grain led to the overuse of agrochemicals and the depletion of water supplies, leaving the land degraded and the Aral Sea and certain rivers half-dry. Independent since the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) dissolved in 1991, the country has diversified agricultural production while developing its mineral and petroleum export capacity and increasing its manufacturing base, although cotton remains a major part of its economy. Uzbekistan’s first president, Islom KARIMOV, led Uzbekistan for 25 years until his death in 2016. His successor, former Prime Minister Shavkat MIRZIYOYEV, has improved relations with Uzbekistan’s neighbors and introduced wide-ranging economic, judicial, and social reforms. MIRZIYOYEV was reelected in 2021 with 80% of the vote and again following a 2023 constitutional referendum with 87% of the vote.

Location: Central Asia, north of Turkmenistan, south of Kazakhstan
Geographic coordinates: 41 00 N, 64 00 E
Map references: Asia
Area: total: 447,400 sq km
land: 425,400 sq km
water: 22,000 sq km
Area - comparative: about four times the size of Virginia; slightly larger than California
Land boundaries: total: 6,893 km
border countries: Afghanistan 144 km; Kazakhstan 2,330 km; Kyrgyzstan 1,314 km; Tajikistan 1,312 km; Turkmenistan 1,793 km
Coastline: 0 km (doubly landlocked)
Maritime claims: none (doubly landlocked)
Climate: mostly mid-latitude desert, long, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid grassland in east
Terrain: mostly flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes; broad, flat intensely irrigated river valleys along course of Amu Darya, Syr Darya (Sirdaryo), and Zaravshan; Fergana Valley in east surrounded by mountainous Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan; shrinking Aral Sea in west
Elevation: highest point: Xazrat Sulton Tog' 4,643 m
lowest point: Sariqamish Kuli -12 m
Natural resources: natural gas, petroleum, coal, gold, uranium, silver, copper, lead and zinc, tungsten, molybdenum
Land use: agricultural land: 58.1% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 9.1% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 1% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 47.9% (2023 est.)
forest: 8.7% (2023 est.)
other: 31.8% (2023 est.)
Irrigated land: 37,305 sq km (2022)
Major lakes (area sq km): fresh water lake(s): Aral Sea (shared with Kazakhstan) - largely dried up
Major rivers (by length in km): Syr Darya (shared with Kyrgyzstan [s], Tajikistan, and Kazakhstan [m]) - 3,078 km; Amu Darya river mouth (shared with Tajikistan [s], Afghanistan, and Turkmenistan) - 2,620 kmnote: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth
Major watersheds (area sq km): Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: (Aral Sea basin) Amu Darya (534,739 sq km), Syr Darya (782,617 sq km)
Population distribution: most of the population is concentrated in the fertile Fergana Valley in the easternmost arm of the country; the south has significant clusters of people, but the central and western deserts are sparsely populated
Natural hazards: earthquakes; floods; landslides or mudslides; avalanches; droughts
Geography - note: along with Liechtenstein, one of the only two doubly landlocked countries in the world

Population: total: 37,015,151 (2025 est.)
male: 18,576,048
female: 18,439,103
Nationality: noun: Uzbekistani
adjective: Uzbekistani
Ethnic groups: Uzbek 83.8%, Tajik 4.8%, Kazakh 2.5%, Russian 2.3%, Karakalpak 2.2%, Tatar 1.5%, other 2.9% (2017 est.)
Languages: Languages: Uzbek (official) 74.3%, Russian 14.2%, Tajik 4.4%, other 7.1%
major-language sample(s): Jahon faktlari kitobi, asosiy ma'lumotlar uchun zaruriy manba. (Uzbek)The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Religions: Muslim 88% (mostly Sunni), Eastern Orthodox 9%, other 3%
Age structure: 0-14 years: 29.6% (male 5,597,947/female 5,213,403)
15-64 years: 63.7% (male 11,649,017/female 11,617,411)
65 years and over: 6.7% (2024 est.) (male 1,077,849/female 1,364,966)
Dependency ratios: total dependency ratio: 57.3 (2025 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 46.3 (2025 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 11.1 (2025 est.)
potential support ratio: 9 (2025 est.)
Median age: total: 29.2 years (2025 est.)
male: 28.1 years
female: 29.8 years
Population growth rate: 1.26% (2025 est.)
Birth rate: 18.93 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Net migration rate: -1.31 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Population distribution: most of the population is concentrated in the fertile Fergana Valley in the easternmost arm of the country; the south has significant clusters of people, but the central and western deserts are sparsely populated
Urbanization: urban population: 50.5% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 1.25% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Major urban areas - population: 2.603 million TASHKENT (capital) (2023)
Sex ratio: at birth: 1.08 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female
total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth: 23.7 years (2019 est.)
Maternal mortality ratio: 26 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Infant mortality rate: total: 17.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)
male: 21.1 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 15.1 deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 76.2 years (2024 est.)
male: 73.6 years
female: 79 years
Total fertility rate: 2.6 children born/woman (2025 est.)
Gross reproduction rate: 1.25 (2025 est.)
Drinking water source: improved: urban: urban: 98% of population (2022 est.)
improved: rural: rural: 95.2% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total: total: 96.6% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban: urban: 2% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural: rural: 4.8% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 3.4% of population (2022 est.)
Health expenditure: Health expenditure (as % of GDP): 7.7% of GDP (2021)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 7.1% of national budget (2022 est.)
Physician density: 2.81 physicians/1,000 population (2021)
Hospital bed density: 4.9 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)
Sanitation facility access: improved: urban: urban: 98.1% of population (2022 est.)
improved: rural: rural: 98.7% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total: total: 98.4% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban: urban: 1.9% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural: rural: 1.3% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 1.6% of population (2022 est.)
Obesity - adult prevalence rate: 16.6% (2016)
Alcohol consumption per capita: total: 2.45 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
beer: 0.18 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine: 0.09 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits: 2.19 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Tobacco use: total: 15.4% (2025 est.)
male: 30.2% (2025 est.)
female: 1% (2025 est.)
Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 1.8% (2021 est.)
Currently married women (ages 15-49): 74.7% (2022 est.)
Child marriage: women married by age 15: 0.2% (2022)
women married by age 18: 3.4% (2022)
Education expenditure: Education expenditure (% GDP): 5.5% of GDP (2023 est.)
Education expenditure (% national budget): 22.1% national budget (2024 est.)
Literacy: total population: 100% (2022 est.)
male: 100% (2022 est.)
female: 100% (2022 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): total: 13 years (2024 est.)
male: 13 years (2024 est.)
female: 13 years (2024 est.)

Environmental issues: growing concentrations of chemical pesticides and natural salts in the shrinking Aral Sea; desertification; water pollution and soil salination from industrial wastes and the heavy use of fertilizers and pesticides; soil contamination from buried nuclear processing and agricultural chemicals
International environmental agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Climate: mostly mid-latitude desert, long, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid grassland in east
Land use: agricultural land: 58.1% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 9.1% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 1% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 47.9% (2023 est.)
forest: 8.7% (2023 est.)
other: 31.8% (2023 est.)
Urbanization: urban population: 50.5% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 1.25% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: total emissions: 110.992 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from coal and metallurgical coke: 12.845 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids: 13.437 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from consumed natural gas: 84.71 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Particulate matter emissions: 46.6 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Methane emissions: energy: 848.1 kt (2022-2024 est.)
agriculture: 868.1 kt (2019-2021 est.)
waste: 261.3 kt (2019-2021 est.)
other: 4.5 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Waste and recycling: municipal solid waste generated annually: 4 million tons (2024 est.)
percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 31.6% (2022 est.)
Total water withdrawal: municipal: 2.3 billion cubic meters (2022)
industrial: 1.2 billion cubic meters (2022)
agricultural: 41 billion cubic meters (2022)
Total renewable water resources: 48.87 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

Country name: conventional long form: Republic of Uzbekistan
conventional short form: Uzbekistan
local long form: O'zbekiston Respublikasi
local short form: O'zbekiston
former: Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic
etymology: the name comes from the local people, the Uzbeks, whose name is said to have originated with Mongol leader Ghiyath ad-Din Muhammad UZBEK; the Persian suffix -stan means "country"
Government type: presidential republic; highly authoritarian
Capital: name: Tashkent (Toshkent)
geographic coordinates: 41 19 N, 69 15 E
time difference: UTC+5 (10 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
etymology: the current name of the ancient city was first used in the 11th century and comes from the Sogdian (Turkic) words tash (stone) and kent (town); the city was first recorded in the 5th or 4th century B.C. with the name of Chach or Shash
Administrative divisions: 12 provinces (viloyatlar, singular - viloyat), 1 autonomous republic* (avtonom respublikasi), and 3 cities** (shahar); Andijon Viloyati, Buxoro Viloyati [Bukhara Province], Farg'ona Viloyati [Fergana Province], Jizzax Viloyati, Namangan Shahri, Namangan Viloyati, Navoiy Viloyati, Qashqadaryo Viloyati (Qarshi), Qoraqalpog'iston Respublikasi [Karakalpakstan Republic]* (Nukus), Samarqand Shahri [Samarkand City], Samarqand Viloyati [Samarkand Province], Sirdaryo Viloyati (Guliston), Surxondaryo Viloyati (Termiz), Toshkent Shahri [Tashkent City]**, Toshkent Viloyati [Nurafshon], Xorazm Viloyati (Urganch)
Legal system: civil law system
Constitution: history: several previous; latest adopted 8 December 1992
amendment process: proposed by the Supreme Assembly or by referendum; passage requires two-thirds majority vote of both houses of the Assembly or passage in a referendum
International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
Citizenship: citizenship by birth: no
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Uzbekistan
dual citizenship recognized: no
residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch: chief of state: President Shavkat MIRZIYOYEV (since 14 December 2016)
head of government: Prime Minister Abdulla ARIPOV (since 14 December 2016)
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president with most requiring approval of the Senate chamber of the Supreme Assembly (Oliy Majlis)
election/appointment process: president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 7-year term (eligible for a second term); prime minister nominated by majority party in the Supreme Assembly but appointed along with the ministers and deputy ministers by the president
most recent election date: 9 July 2023
election results: 2023: Shavkat MIRZIYOYEV reelected president in snap election; percent of vote - Shavkat MIRZIYOYEV (LDPU) 87.7%, Robaxon Maxmudova (Adolat) 4.5%, Ulugbek Inoyatov (PDP) 4%, Abdushukur Xamzayev (Ecological Party) 3.8%2021: Shavkat MIRZIYOYEV reelected president in first round; percent of vote - Shavkat MIRZIYOYEV (LDPU) 80.3%, Maqsuda VORISOVA (PDP) 6.7%, Alisher QODIROV (National Revival Democratic Party) 5.5%, Narzullo OBLOMURODOV (Ecological Party) 4.1%, Bahrom ABDUHALIMOV (Adolat) 3.4%
expected date of next election: 2030
Legislative branch: legislature name: Supreme Assembly (Oliy Majlis)
legislative structure: bicameral
Legislative branch - lower chamber: chamber name: Legislative Chamber (Qonunchilik palatasi)
number of seats: 150 (all directly elected)
electoral system: mixed system
scope of elections: full renewal
term in office: 5 years
most recent election date: 11/7/2024 to 11/12/2024
parties elected and seats per party: Movement of Entrepreneurs and Businesspeople - Liberal Democratic Party (UzLiDeP) (64); Milliy Tiklanish Democratic Party (O'zMTDP) (29); Social Democratic Party ("Adolat" SDP) (21); People's Democratic Party (XDP) (20); Ecological Party (O'EP) (16)
percentage of women in chamber: 38%
expected date of next election: October 2029
Legislative branch - upper chamber: chamber name: Senate (Senat)
number of seats: 65 (56 indirectly elected; 9 appointed)
scope of elections: full renewal
term in office: 5 years
most recent election date: 10/27/2024
percentage of women in chamber: 24.6%
expected date of next election: November 2029
Judicial branch: highest court(s): Supreme Court (consists of 67 judges organized into administrative, civil, criminal, and economic sections); Constitutional Court (consists of 7 judges)
judge selection and term of office: judges of the highest courts nominated by the president and confirmed by the Senate of the Oliy Majlis; judges appointed for a single 10-year term; the court chairman and deputies appointed for 10-year terms without the right to reelection. (Article 132 of the constitution)
subordinate courts: regional, district, city, and town courts
Political parties: Ecological Party of Uzbekistan or EPUJustice Social Democratic Party or ASDPPeople's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan or PDPUzbekistan Liberal Democratic Party or UzLiDepUzbekistan National Revival Democratic Party or UzMTDP
Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Furqat SIDIKOV (since 19 April 2023)
chancery: 1746 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 887-5300
FAX: [1] (202) 293-6804
email address and website: info.washington@mfa.uzhttps://www.uzbekistan.org/
consulate(s) general: New York
Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Jonathan HENICK (since 14 October 2022)
embassy: 3 Moyqorghon, 5th Block, Yunusobod District, 100093 Tashkent
mailing address: 7110 Tashkent Place, Washington DC 20521-7110
telephone: [998] 78-120-5450
FAX: [998] 78-120-6335
email address and website: ACSTashkent@state.govhttps://uz.usembassy.gov/
International organization participation: ADB, CICA, CIS, EAEU (observer), EAPC, EBRD, ECO, EEU (observer), FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITSO, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SCO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)
Independence: 1 September 1991 (from the Soviet Union)
National holiday: Independence Day, 1 September (1991)
Flag: description: three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and green separated by narrow red stripes with a vertical white crescent moon and 12 five-pointed white stars in the left corner of the top bandmeaning: blue stands for the Turkic peoples and the sky, white for peace and the striving for purity in thoughts and deeds, and green for nature and Islam; the red stripes represent the vital force of all living organisms; the crescent stands for Islam, and the 12 stars for the months and constellations of the Uzbek calendar
National symbol(s): khumo (mythical bird)
National color(s): blue, white, red, green
National anthem(s): title: "O'zbekiston Respublikasining Davlat Madhiyasi" (National Anthem of the Republic of Uzbekistan)
lyrics/music: Abdulla ARIPOV/Mutal BURHANOV
history: adopted 1992; after the fall of the Soviet Union, Uzbekistan kept the music of its Soviet-era anthem but adopted new lyrics
National heritage: total World Heritage Sites: 7 (5 cultural, 2 natural)
selected World Heritage Site locales: Itchan Kala (c); Historic Bukhara (c); Historic Shakhrisyabz (c); Samarkand - Crossroad of Cultures (c); Western Tien Shan (n); Cold Winter Deserts of Turan (n); Silk Roads: Zarafshan-Karakum Corridor (c)

Economic overview: lower-middle income Central Asian economy; key exporter of natural gas, cotton, and gold; ongoing reform efforts to reduce state-owned sector dominance, attract foreign investment, and improve sustainability of cotton production
Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024: $379.989 billion (2024 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023: $356.797 billion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022: $335.678 billion (2022 est.)
Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2024: 6.5% (2024 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2023: 6.3% (2023 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2022: 6% (2022 est.)
Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2024: $10,500 (2024 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2023: $10,000 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2022: $9,600 (2022 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate): $114.965 billion (2024 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024: 9.6% (2024 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023: 10% (2023 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022: 11.4% (2022 est.)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin: agriculture: 18.3% (2024 est.)
industry: 31.8% (2024 est.)
services: 45.2% (2024 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use: household consumption: 68% (2024 est.)
government consumption: 13.9% (2024 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 37.1% (2024 est.)
investment in inventories: -3.8% (2024 est.)
exports of goods and services: 22.8% (2024 est.)
imports of goods and services: -38% (2024 est.)
Agricultural products: milk, wheat, cotton, potatoes, carrots/turnips, tomatoes, grapes, watermelons, vegetables, apples (2023)
Industries: textiles, food processing, machine building, metallurgy, mining, hydrocarbon extraction, chemicals
Industrial production growth rate: 7.2% (2024 est.)
Labor force: 13.974 million (2024 est.)
Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2024: 4.5% (2024 est.)
Unemployment rate 2023: 4.5% (2023 est.)
Unemployment rate 2022: 4.5% (2022 est.)
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24): total: 10.9% (2024 est.)
male: 7.2% (2024 est.)
female: 18.1% (2024 est.)
Population below poverty line: 11% (2023 est.)
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2023: 34.5 (2023 est.)
Average household expenditures: on food: 46.3% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
on alcohol and tobacco: 3.2% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 2.1% (2023 est.)
highest 10%: 25.3% (2023 est.)
Remittances: Remittances 2024: 14.4% of GDP (2024 est.)
Remittances 2023: 13.8% of GDP (2023 est.)
Remittances 2022: 17.2% of GDP (2022 est.)
Budget: revenues: $21.565 billion (2023 est.)
expenditures: $25.953 billion (2023 est.)
Public debt: Public debt 2016: 10.5% of GDP (2016 est.)
Taxes and other revenues: 11.5% (of GDP) (2023 est.)
Current account balance: Current account balance 2024: -$5.738 billion (2024 est.)
Current account balance 2023: -$7.799 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2022: -$2.847 billion (2022 est.)
Exports: Exports 2024: $26.173 billion (2024 est.)
Exports 2023: $25.05 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2022: $20.966 billion (2022 est.)
Exports - partners: Switzerland 34%, Russia 12%, UK 11%, China 7%, Turkey 6% (2023)
Exports - commodities: gold, cotton yarn, garments, fertilizers, fabric (2023)
Imports: Imports 2024: $43.624 billion (2024 est.)
Imports 2023: $42.646 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2022: $35.643 billion (2022 est.)
Imports - partners: China 32%, Russia 17%, Kazakhstan 8%, S. Korea 6%, Turkey 5% (2023)
Imports - commodities: cars, vehicle parts/accessories, packaged medicine, refined petroleum, aircraft (2023)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024: $41.237 billion (2024 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023: $34.558 billion (2023 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022: $35.774 billion (2022 est.)
Debt - external: Debt - external 2023: $25.714 billion (2023 est.)
Exchange rates: Currency: Uzbekistani soum (UZS) per US dollar -
Exchange rates 2024: 12,652.287 (2024 est.)
Exchange rates 2023: 11,734.833 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates 2022: 11,050.145 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates 2021: 10,609.464 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates 2020: 10,054.261 (2020 est.)

Electricity access: electrification - total population: 100% (2022 est.)
Electricity: installed generating capacity: 17.901 million kW (2023 est.)
consumption: 75.753 billion kWh (2023 est.)
exports: 2.043 billion kWh (2023 est.)
imports: 4.977 billion kWh (2023 est.)
transmission/distribution losses: 3.433 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources: fossil fuels: 90.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
solar: 0.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
hydroelectricity: 8.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Coal: production: 6.379 million metric tons (2023 est.)
consumption: 8.941 million metric tons (2023 est.)
exports: 4,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
imports: 3.521 million metric tons (2023 est.)
proven reserves: 1.375 billion metric tons (2023 est.)
Petroleum: total petroleum production: 64,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
refined petroleum consumption: 111,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
crude oil estimated reserves: 594 million barrels (2021 est.)
Natural gas: production: 43.249 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
consumption: 44.455 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
exports: 1.308 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
imports: 2.514 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
proven reserves: 1.841 trillion cubic meters (2021 est.)
Energy consumption per capita: Total energy consumption per capita 2023: 55.305 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Telephones - fixed lines: total subscriptions: 6.147 million (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 17 (2023 est.)
Telephones - mobile cellular: total subscriptions: 40.2 million (2024 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 1,110 (2024 est.)
Broadcast media: state-controlled media; 17 state-owned broadcasters, including 13 TV and 4 radio, with national service; about 20 privately owned TV stations, overseen by local officials, broadcast locally; privately owned TV stations required to lease transmitters from state-owned Republic TV and Radio Industry Corporation (2019)
Internet country code: .uz
Internet users: percent of population: 89% (2023 est.)
Broadband - fixed subscriptions: total: 10.8 million (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 30 (2023 est.)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: UK
Airports: 74 (2025)
Heliports: 3 (2025)
Railways: total: 4,642 km (2018)
broad gauge: 4,642 km (2018) 1.520-m gauge (1,684 km electrified)

Military and security forces: Armed Forces of Uzbekistan: Army, Air and Air Defense Forces; National Guard Ministry of Internal Affairs: Internal Security Troops, Border Guards, police (2024)
Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2019: 2.8% of GDP (2019 est.)
Military Expenditures 2018: 2.9% of GDP (2018 est.)
Military Expenditures 2017: 2.7% of GDP (2017 est.)
Military Expenditures 2016: 2.5% of GDP (2016 est.)
Military Expenditures 2015: 2.5% of GDP (2015 est.)
Military and security service personnel strengths: limited available information; estimated 50,000 active Armed Forces (2025)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions: the Uzbek Armed Forces use mainly Russian or Soviet-era armaments with smaller quantities of items from suppliers such as China, Türkiye, and the US; Uzbekistan has a small defense industry, which is involved in repairing and maintaining aircraft and armored vehicles, as well as producing light armored vehicles, unmanned aerial vehicles/drones, and other military items (2025)
Military service age and obligation: 18-30 for voluntary/contract service for men and women; 18-27 years of age for compulsory military service for men with a 12-month service obligation (2025)
Military - note: the military’s responsibilities include ensuring the country’s sovereignty and territorial integrity, securing its borders, and assisting with internal security; regional security and international terrorism are areas of concern; Uzbekistan joined the Russian-sponsored Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) in the 1990s but withdrew in 1999; it returned in 2006 but left again in 2012; although not part of CSTO, Uzbekistan continues to maintain defense ties with Russia, including joint military exercises and defense industrial cooperation; it also has defense ties with other regional countries, including Azerbaijan, China, India, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, and Turkey; it is part of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) and participates in SCO training exercises (2025)

Space agency/agencies: Space Research and Technology Agency (UzCosmos or UzSpace; established 2019) (2025)
Space program overview: has a small but growing space effort focused on acquiring satellites and developing the country’s space industries and technologies in key sectors, including cartography, data processing, environmental and disaster monitoring, land use, resource management, and telecommunications; recognized for its astronomy program; member of international space organizations; cooperates with foreign space agencies or commercial companies from a variety of countries, including those of Canada, China, France, India, Israel, Japan, Kazakhstan, Russia, South Korea, Spain, Turkey, and the UAE (2025)
Key space-program milestones: 2018 - signed space cooperation agreements with France and India2022 - signed space cooperation agreement with Kazakhstan 2025 - Uzbek engineers began two-year satellite development training program in Japan with goal of building country's first satellite; signed space cooperation agreement with South Korea; announced development of 10-year national space program

Terrorist group(s): Islamic Jihad Union (IJU); Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU); Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham - Khorasan (ISIS-K)

Refugees and internally displaced persons: refugees: 8,505 (2024 est.)
stateless persons: 20,000 (2024 est.)

Uzbekistan